Gaps in TB preventive therapy for persons initiating antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: an explanatory sequential cascade analysis.

BACKGROUND: The WHO recommends TB symptom screening and TB preventive therapy (TPT) for latent TB infection (LTBI) in persons living with HIV (PLWH). However, TPT uptake remains limited. We aimed to characterize and contextualize gaps in the TPT care cascade among persons enrolling for antiretroviral therapy (ART).SETTING: Four PEPFAR-supported facilities in Uganda.METHODS: We studied a proportionate stratified random sample of persons registering for ART when TPT was available. Patient-level data on eligibility, initiation, and completion were obtained from registers to determine proportion of eligible patients completing each cascade step. We interviewed providers and administrators and used content analysis to identify barriers to guideline-concordant TPT practices.RESULTS: Of 399 study persons, 309 (77%) were women. Median age was 29 (IQR 25-34), CD4 count 405 cells/µL (IQR 222-573), and body mass 23 kg/m² (IQR 21-25). Of 390 (98%) screened, 372 (93%) were TPT-eligible. Only 62 (17%) eligible PLWH initiated and 36 (58%) of 62 completed TPT. Providers reported hesitating to prescribe TPT because they lacked confidence excluding TB by symptom screening alone and feared promoting drug resistance. Although isoniazid was available, past experience of irregular supply discouraged TPT initiation. Providers pointed to insufficient TB-dedicated staff, speculated that patients discounted TB risk, and worried TPT pill burden and side effects depressed ART adherence.CONCLUSIONS: While screening was nearly universal, most eligible PLWH did not initiate TPT. Only about half of those who initiated completed treatment. Providers feared promoting drug resistance, harbored uncertainty about continued availability, and worried TPT could antagonize ART adherence. Our findings suggest urgent need for stakeholder engagement in TPT provision.

'Something so hard': a mixed-methods study of home sputum collection for tuberculosis contact investigation in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Home sputum collection could facilitate prompt evaluation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) among contacts of patients with active TB. We analyzed barriers to home-based collection as part of an enhanced intervention for household TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. DESIGN: We conducted a convergent mixed-methods study to describe the outcomes of home sputum collection in 91 contacts and examine their context through 19 nested contact interviews and two focus group discussions with lay health workers (LHWs). RESULTS: LHWs collected sputum from 35 (39%) contacts. Contacts reporting cough were more likely to provide sputum than those with other symptoms or risk factors (53% vs. 15%, RR 3.6, 95%CI 1.5-2.8, P < 0.001). Males were more likely than females to provide sputum (54% vs. 32%, RR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.8, P = 0.05). Contacts said support from the index patient and the convenience of the home visit facilitated collection. Missing containers and difficulty producing sputum spontaneously impeded collection. Women identified stigma as a barrier. LHWs emphasized difficulty in procuring sputum and discomfort pressing contacts to produce sputum. CONCLUSIONS: Home sputum collection by LHWs entails different challenges from sputum collection in clinical settings. More research is needed to develop interventions to mitigate stigma and increase success of home-based collection.

Integrating home HIV counselling and testing into household TB contact investigation: a mixed-methods study.

Setting: Community health workers (CHWs) increasingly deliver community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counselling and testing (HCT) services. Less is known about how this strategy performs when integrated with household tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations. Objective: We conducted a prospective mixed-methods study to evaluate the feasibility and quality of CHW-facilitated, home-based HCT among household TB contacts. Design: CHWs visited households of consenting TB patients to screen household contacts for TB and HIV. They performed HIV testing using a serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay rapid-antibody testing algorithm. Laboratory technicians at health facilities re-tested the samples and coordinated quarterly HIV panel testing for CHWs. We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with CHWs on their experiences in carrying out home-based HCT. Results: Of 114 household contacts who consented to and underwent HIV testing by CHWs, 5 (4%) tested positive, 108 (95%) tested negative, and 1 (1%) had indeterminate results; 110 (96%) samples had adequate volume for re-testing. Overall agreement between CHWs and laboratory technicians was 99.1% (κ = 0.90, 95%CI 0.71-1.00, P < 0.0001). In FGDs, CHWs described context-specific social challenges to performing HCT in a household setting, but said that their confidence grew with experience. Conclusion: Home-based HCT by CHWs was feasible among household TB contacts and produced high-quality results. Strategies to address social challenges are required to optimize yield.

Contexte : Les travailleurs de santé communautaire (CHW) offrent de plus en plus de services de conseil et de test communautaires relatifs au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (HCT). On sait moins quel est le degré de performance de cette stratégie quand elle est intégrée à des visites à domicile à la recherche de contacts de tuberculose (TB).Objectif : Nous avons réalisé une étude prospective à méthodes variées afin d'évaluer la faisabilité et la qualité de CHW à domicile, facilité par des CHW dans les foyers des contacts de TB.Schéma : Les CHW ont visité les foyers des patients TB consentants afin de dépister les contacts domiciliaires de TB et du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Ils ont réalisé des tests VIH grâce à un algorithme de test rapide de recherche d'anticorps en série par titrage avec immunoadsorbant lié à une enzyme. Les techniciens de laboratoire des structures de santé ont re-testé les échantillons et coordonné un test VIH en groupe trimestriel pour les CHW. Nous avons réalisé des discussions en groupe focal (FGD) avec les CHW à propos de leurs expériences de HCT à domicile.Résultats : Ont été consentants 114 contacts domiciliaires qui ont été testés à la recherche du VIH par les CHW : 5 (4%) ont eu un test positif, 108 (95%) ont eu un test négatif et 1 seul (1%) a eu des résultats indéterminés ; 110 (96%) échantillons avaient un volume suffisant pour un deuxième test. Au total, l'accord entre les CHW et les techniciens de laboratoire a été de 99,1% (κ = 0,90 ; IC95% 0,71­1,00 ; P < 0,0001). Lors des FGD, les CHW ont décrit les défis sociaux spécifiques du contexte de la réalisation du HCT dans le cadre d'un foyer, mais ont affirmé que leur confiance en eux avait augmenté avec leur expérience.Conclusion : Le HCT à domicile par les CHW s'est avéré faisable parmi les contacts domiciliaires de TB et a produit des résultats de très bonne qualité. Des stratégies visant à résoudre les défis sociaux sont requises afin d'optimiser le rendement.

Marco de referencia: Los agentes de salud comunitarios (CHW) prestan cada vez con mayor frecuencia servicios de asesoramiento y pruebas de detección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HCT) en las comunidades. Se conoce poco sobre la eficacia de esta estrategia cuando se integra en la investigación de contactos domiciliarios de los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB).Objetivo: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo con métodos mixtos, con el objeto de evaluar la factibilidad y la calidad de los servicios de HCT prestados por los CHW a los contactos de los casos de TB en los hogares.Método: Los CHW visitaron los hogares de los pacientes con TB que dieron su consentimiento, con el fin de realizar el HCT en los contactos domiciliarios. Los CHW practicaron la investigación de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) mediante un algoritmo de pruebas rápidas seriadas de anticuerpos de tipo inmunoabsorbente ligado a la enzima. Los auxiliares de laboratorio en los establecimientos de salud practicaban de nuevo las pruebas en las muestras y coordinaban la realización trimestral de series de pruebas por parte de los CHW. Se realizaron sesiones de grupos de opinión (FGD) con estos profesionales, a fin de compartir sus experiencias en HCT en los hogares.Resultados: Tras recibir su consentimiento, los CHW practicaron las pruebas del VIH a 114 contactos domiciliarios. Cinco contactos obtuvieron un resultado positivo (4%), en 108 el resultado fue negativo (95%) y en un caso el resultado fue indeterminado (1%). El volumen de 110 muestras (96%) fue suficiente para repetir las pruebas. La concordancia global entre los CHW y los auxiliares de laboratorio fue 99,1% (κ = 0,90; IC95% 0,71­1,00; P < 0,0001). En las FGD, los CHW describieron las dificultades sociales específicas del contexto que tuvieron que afrontar al prestar estos servicios en los hogares, pero afirmaron que con la práctica habían adquirido mayor confianza.Conclusión: La práctica domiciliaria del HCT a los contactos de los casos de TB por parte de los CHW fue factible y se obtuvieron resultados de gran calidad. Se precisan estrategias que respondan a las dificultades sociales encontradas con el propósito de optimizar el rendimiento.

Patterns of usage and preferences of users for tuberculosis-related text messages and voice calls in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Little information exists about mobile phone usage or preferences for tuberculosis (TB) related health communications in Uganda. METHODS: We surveyed household contacts of TB patients in urban Kampala, Uganda, and clinic patients in rural central Uganda. Questions addressed mobile phone access, usage, and preferences for TB-related communications. We collected qualitative data about messaging preferences. RESULTS: We enrolled 145 contacts and 203 clinic attendees. Most contacts (58%) and clinic attendees (75%) owned a mobile phone, while 42% of contacts and 10% of clinic attendees shared one; 94% of contacts and clinic attendees knew how to receive a short messaging service (SMS) message, but only 59% of contacts aged 45 years (vs. 96% of contacts aged <45 years, P = 0.0001) did so. All contacts and 99% of clinic attendees were willing and capable of receiving personal-health communications by SMS. Among contacts, 55% preferred detailed messages disclosing test results, while 45% preferred simple messages requesting a clinic visit to disclose results. CONCLUSIONS: Most urban household TB contacts and rural clinic attendees reported having access to a mobile phone and willingness to receive TB-related personal-health communications by voice call or SMS. However, frequent phone sharing and variable messaging abilities and preferences suggest a need to tailor the design and monitoring of mHealth interventions to target recipients.