A novel vaccine strategy against Brucellosis using Brucella abortus multi-epitope OMPs vaccine based on Lactococcus lactis live bacterial vectors.

Brucella infections typically occur in mucosal membranes, emphasizing the need for mucosal vaccinations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of orally administering Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) for producing the Brucella abortus multi-epitope OMPs peptide. A multi-epitope plasmid was generated through a reverse vaccinology method, and mice were administered the genetically modified L. lactis orally as a vaccine. The plasmid underwent digestion, synthesizing a 39 kDa-sized protein known as OMPs by the target group. The sera of mice that were administered the pNZ8124-OMPs-L. lactis vaccine exhibited a notable presence of IgG1 antibodies specific to outer membrane proteins (OMPs), heightened levels of interferon (IFN-λ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and enhanced transcription rates of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). The spleen sections from the pNZ8124-OMPs-L. lactis and IRIBA group had less morphological damage associated with inflammation, infiltration of lymphocytes, and lesions to the spleen. The findings present a novel approach to utilizing the food-grade, non-pathogenic L. lactis as a protein cell factory to synthesize innovative immunological candidate OMPs. This approach offers a distinctive way to evaluate experimental medicinal items' practicality, safety, affordability, and long-term sustainability.

Chitosan/Pectin Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Echinacea pallida: a Focus on Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

In recent years, the alarming spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a grave global threat to public health, resulting in millions of fatalities worldwide. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms have emerged due to the broad spread of resistance and the sharing of resistance genes between various varieties of bacteria. A promising strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections is the development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics that could circumvent existing pathways linked to acquire drug resistance. The objectives of this study were to prepare chitosan/pectin-encapsulated Echinacea pallida (E. pallida) extract and evaluate its efficacy against MDR isolates. E. pallida extract was encapsulated into chitosan (CS)/pectin (PN) nanoparticles (NPs) using the gelation technique in the present study. The synthesized NPs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the nanoparticles against S. aureus has been assessed and explored. In addition, the toxicity of synthetic NPs against HEK 93 cells was evaluated. The interactions between functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The CS/PN NPs were spherical with uniform surfaces, and their dimension ranged from 80 to 110 nm. The PDI of the E. pallida extract was 0.521, and its entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 84.35%. The synthesized CS/PN NPs exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against bacteria relevant to public health. In addition, the results demonstrated that the extract-containing NPs had no toxic impact on HEK-93 cells. The findings presented here should aid the development of novel plant extracts with enhanced stability and antibacterial activity, thereby reducing the need for antibiotics.

Novel Niosome-Encapsulated 2,5-Diketopiperazine (BHPPD): Synthesis, Formulation, and Anti-breast Cancer Activity.

In the course of this investigation, a brand-new noisome-encapsulated 2,5-diketopiperazine (BHPPD) was developed, synthesized, and assessed. Utilizing CCK-8, invasion screens, MTT test, flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis, we evaluated the anti-breast cancer properties of niosome-encapsulated BHPPD. Apoptosis-related gene expression and cytotoxicity was measured using quantitative real-time PCR and MTT assays. This meta-analysis showed a significant drug-binding affinity for intestinal protease. The spherical mean diameters of the free BHPPD, the F1 niosomal-BHPPD, and the F2 niosomal-BHPPD were all determined to be108.91 ± 4.2, 129.13 ± 7.2 nm, and 149.43 ± 3.2 nm, respectively. Also, it was found that the entrapment efficiency (EE%) of the F1 formulations of BHPPD that was niosome-encapsulated was 81.01 0.09% and that it was 70.22 0.13%, respectively. Early, late, necrotic, and viable MCF-7 cells were present in the cells with F1 formulation in proportions of 38.24%, 34.34%, 4.02%, and 23.40%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the treatment group's expression of the genes P57, Prkca, MDM4, Map2k6, and FADD was considerably greater (P < 0.001). Furthermore, compared to control cells, cells in the treatment group expressed less BCL2 and survival genes (P < 0.001). Moreover, formulations of BHPPD encapsulated in niosomes showed a biocompatible nanoscale delivery method and exhibited little cytotoxicity against the HEK-293 standard cell line. According to the findings, formulations of BHPPD with niosome-encapsulation might be viable for boosting anticancer activity.

Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw poultry meat: frequency and molecular characteristics.

Even though Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a serious pathogen, its origin is unknown. Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Quebec, Goose, and Ostrich) are consumed as a regular protein source by a large number of people across the world; therefore, sanitary ways of delivering poultry for food are important for global health. As a result, we looked at the distribution of the pathogenicity cagA, vacA, babA2, oipA, and iceA in H. pylori isolates in poultry meat, as well as their antimicrobial resistance. Wilkins Chalgren anaerobic bacterial medium was used to cultivate 320 raw poultry specimens. Disk diffusion and Multiplex-PCR were used to investigate antimicrobial resistance and genotyping patterns, separately. H. pylori was found in 20 of 320 (6.25%) raw poultry samples. The highest incidence of H. pylori was found in chicken raw meat (15%), whereas the fewest was found in Goose and Quebec (0.00%). Resistance to ampicillin (85%), tetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (75%) were greatest in H. pylori isolates. The percentage of H. pylori isolates with a MAR value of more than 0.2 was 17/20 (85%). The most prevalent genotypes discovered were VacA s1a (75%), m1a (75%), s2 (70%) and m2 (65%), and cagA (60%). The most typically discovered genotype patterns were s1am1a (45%), s2m1a (45%), and s2m2 (30%). BabA2, OipA + , and OipA- genotypes were found in 40%, 30%, and 30% of the population. In summary, the poultry flesh was polluted by H. pylori, with the babA2, vacA, and cagA genotypes being more prevalent. The simultaneous occurrence of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic-resistant H. pylori bacteria implies a serious public health concern about raw poultry eating. In the future, researchers should look into H. pylori's resistance to multiple antibacterial drugs in Iran.

Simultaneous and rapid detection of avian respiratory diseases of small poultry using multiplex reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay.

Major viral infections, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, inflict significant injury to small poultry and tremendous economic damage to the poultry sector. This research aims to develop a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (m-RT-PCR) approach to simultaneously determine these important viral pathogens. The conserved segment of various viral genetic sequences was used to design and synthesize specific primers. Moreover, as positive controls, recombinant vectors were synthesized in this investigation. The d-optimal approach was used to improve PCR conditions in this investigation. Positive controls and clinical samples were used to assess the m-PCR assay's specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. According to the sensitivity test findings, the m-PCR technique could generate the 8 target genes from viral genomes using 1 × 102. In addition, 8 viral pathogens were detected from the infected samples. The findings also suggest that live animal oral swabs were not significantly different from tissue sampling of a dead animal (P < 0.05), and this kit had a high sensitivity for analyzing both types of samples. The suggested m-PCR test may detect and evaluate viral infection in birds with excellent specificity, sensitivity, and throughput.

Designing Alginate/Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Echinacea angustifolia: A Novel Candidate for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Nanoparticles (NPs) may help treat multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR). This study prepared and evaluated chitosan/alginate-encapsulated Echinacea angustifolia extract against MDR strains. Evaluating synthesized NPs with SEM, DLS, and FT-IR. Congo red agar and colorimetric plate techniques examined isolate biofilm formation. NP antibacterial power was assessed using well diffusion. Real-time PCR assessed biofilm-forming genes. MTT assessed the synthesized NPs' toxicity. According to DLS measurements, spherical E. angustifolia NPs had a diameter of 335.3±1.43 nm. The PDI was 0.681, and the entrapment effectiveness (EE%) of the E. angustifolia extract reached 83.45 %. Synthesized NPs were most antimicrobial. S. aureus resistant to several treatments was 80 percent of 100 clinical samples. Biofilm production was linked to MDR in all strains. The ALG/CS-encapsulated extract had a 4 to 32-fold lower MIC than the free extract, which had no bactericidal action. They also significantly decreased the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation. E. angustifolia-encapsulated ALG/CS decreased IcaD, IcaA, and IcaC gene expression in all MDR strains (***p<0.001). Free extract, free NPs, and E. angustifolia-NPs had 57.5 %, 85.5 %, and 90.0 % cell viability at 256 µg/ml. These discoveries could assist generate stable plant extracts by releasing natural-derived substances under controlled conditions.

Nano-Biotechnology and Challenges of Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment Pathway: Review Article.

In this review, we discuss Nanotechnology models, which have been developed recently in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology manipulates matter at the atomic and molecular scale to create materials with new and advanced properties. Nano-biotechnology consists of the branches of nanotechnology that have been applied in biology (molecular and cellular genetics) and biotechnology. Nano-biotechnology allows us to put components and compounds into cells and build new materials using new methods like assembly. Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Its therapeutic methods include chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery, but the effects of these techniques are not only on tumor tissue and may affect healthy tissues. Nano-Biotech applications regarding cancer include drug delivery, treatment, and foresight therapy. This review article aims to obtain a proper mentality of the current technologies of Nano-biotechnology for cancer treatment.

Investigation of antibacterial and anticancer effects of novel niosomal formulated Persian Gulf Sea cucumber extracts.

Pharmaceutical companies worldwide are scrambling to develop new ways to combat cancer and microbiological pathogens. The goal of this research was to investigate the antibacterial, anticancer, and apoptosis effects of novel niosomal formulated Persian Gulf Sea cucumber extracts (SCEs). Sea cucumber methanolic extracts were prepared and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles using thin-film hydration. The compound was made up of Span 60 and Tween 60 blended with cholesterol in a 3:3:4 M ratios. Characterization of niosome-encapsulated SCE evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The disk diffusion method and microtiter plates were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity. The effect of niosome-encapsulated SCE on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction was studied using MTT and Annexin V, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related genes, including Bax, Fas, Bax, Bak, and Bcl2, was studied using quantitative real-time PCR. Niosome-encapsulated SCE with a size of 80.46 ± 1.31 and an encapsulation efficiency of 79.18 ± 0.23 was formulated. At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the greatest antimicrobial effect of the niosome-encapsulated SCE was correlated to Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone of 13.16 mm. The findings of the study revealed that all strains were unable to produce biofilms at a concentration of 100 µg/ml niosome-encapsulated SCE (p < 0.001). The survival rate of cancer cells after 72 h of exposure to niosome-encapsulated SCE was 40 ± 3.0%. Encapsulated SCE in niosomes inhibited cell progression in MCF-7 cells by increasing G0/G1 and decreasing S phase relative to G2/M phase; as a result, it activated the apoptosis signaling pathway and led to the induction of apoptosis in 69.12 ± 1.2% of tumor cells by increasing the expression of proapoptotic genes (p < 0.001). The results indicate that sea cucumber species from the Persian Gulf are a promising source of natural chemicals with antibacterial and anticancer properties, paving the path for novel marine natural products to be discovered. This is the first demonstration that niosome-encapsulated SCE contains antibacterial and anticancer chemicals that, according to their specific characteristics, boost antitumor activity.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Therapy and Female Infertility: Limitations and Advances.

Infertility in women can be caused by various female reproductive diseases such as premature ovarian failure (POF), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and Asherman syndrome that affect couples' quality of life and lead to mental, emotional, and physical problems. In recent years, clinical researchers have sought infertility treatments using new methods that are more effective and noninvasive than the old methods. Today, stem cell-based therapy has been introduced as a promising method and an alternative to the old strategy of infertility treatment. Understanding the main features and functional perspective of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the future of infertility by physicians is crucial. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with a high proliferation range, abundant source and multidirectional differentiation potential. They have a high potential for the treatment of injured tissues in regenerative medicine through cell homing, secretion of active factors, and participation in immune regulation. At present, due to fewer ethical restrictions on the use of mesenchymal stem cells compared to embryonic stem cells, more attention has been paid to these cells as a new treatment for gynecological disorders. In this paper, we first review the various type of female reproductive disorders along with their common treatment methods, then we evaluate the recent advances in the application of MSCs in the diseases related to infertility and improve the reproductive health of women worldwide.

The association between testicular toxicity induced by Li2Co3 and protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum: Alteration of Bax & c-Kit genes expression.

Ganoderma lucidum has received a lot of attention recently due to its medicinal potential activities. The aim of this designed experiment was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract against lithium carbonate induced testicular toxicity and related lesions in mice testis. For this purpose, lithium carbonate at a dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by 75, 150 mg/kg Ganoderma lucidum extract orally were administered for 35 days. The results were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum extract analysis prove contained a large amount of polysaccharides, triterpenoids and poly phenols based on spectrophotometric assay. Also, DPPH assay for Ganoderma lucidum extract showed high level of radical scavenging activity. The hematoxylin & eosin cross section from lithium carbonate treated group exhibited significant alterations in seminiferous tubules. Moreover, lithium carbonate induced oxidative stress via lipid peroxidation and generate MDA (P < 0.001). In addition, lithium carbonate initiated germ cells apoptosis via increase Bax expression (p < 0.001) and reduce germ cells differentiation through down-regulation of c-Kit expression (p < 0.05). Results from CASA showed that sperm parameters like count, motility and viability significantly decreased in lithium treated group (p < 0.001). It is clear that lithium carbonate induce severe damage on male reproductive system and histopathological damages via generation oxidative stress but supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited prevention effects and repaired induced damages.