ABSTRACT
Medical technology applied to acute and severely ill patients allowed for the emergence of a differentiated area of care and the development of intensive care units. The means available to replace or assist vital organs' functions determined this crucial advance of high technology medicine in the last forty years. However, actual application of these methods in this case, life-sustaining therapy is not free from the technological imperative influencing all our contemporary culture. This pervasive influence adversely affects the chances to permanently remember the ends of medicine, which are not to avoid death or to consider life as the supreme value irrespectively of the patients' preferences. Final decisions in irreversible situations, where only a life in vegetative condition is possible, are to be taken by doctors and family members.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Technology/trends , Critical Care/trends , Life Support Care , Decision Making , Humans , Life Support Care/ethics , Withholding TreatmentABSTRACT
La tecnología médica aplicada a la medicina del paciente agudo y grave permitió la creación de un área asistencial diferenciada y el desarrollo del cuidado intensivo como una nueva especialidad. Los nuevos medios disponibles para reemplazar o asistir funciones de órganos vitales fueron los determinantes de este avance tan importante en el desarrollo de toda la alta complejidad médica en los últimos cuarenta años. Sin embargo la aplicabilidad de estos medios, que en este caso son los soportes vitales, no se han podido sustraer de la filosofía del imperativo tecnológico que ha impregnado a toda la cultura de la sociedad contemporánea. Se observa en este tiempo una influencia perniciosa que perturba el recuerdo permanente de los fines de la medicina, que no son los de evitar la muerte o a la consideración del valor vida como un absoluto ajeno a las preferencias del paciente. Las decisiones finales en circunstancias irreversibles, en que sólo es posible mantener una vida biológica, deben ser tomadas por los médicos y los familiares.
Medical technology applied to acute and severely ill patients allowed for the emergence of a differentiated area of care and the development of intensive care units. The means available to replace or assist vital organs' functions determined this crucial advance of high technology medicine in the last forty years. However, actual application of these methods -in this case, life-sustaining therapy- is not free from the technological imperative influencing all our contemporary culture. This pervasive influence adversely affects the chances to permanently remember the ends of medicine, which are not to avoid death or to consider life as the supreme value irrespectively of the patients' preferences. Final decisions in irreversible situations, where only a life in vegetative condition is possible, are to be taken by doctors and family members.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Technology/trends , Critical Care/trends , Life Support Care , Decision Making , Life Support Care , Withholding TreatmentABSTRACT
Contenido: Más allá del arte de curar. El desafío de formarse como médico. Formación de un espíritu científico. Carta a un joven estudiante de medicina. Entre la evidencia y la narrativa. Medicina, "edad de oro" y después... Reflexiones sobre el ser médico. ¿Tratamiento de algo o tratamiento de alguien?. Escuchar. El médico: ¿operario o artesano de la salud?. Recuperar el humanismo. Los territorios ignotos de nuestra mente. Vocación en el siglo XXI. Luces y sombras de una decisión crucial. Los cambios en el ejercicio de la medicina, su influencia en la profesión médica y en el cuidado de la salud. Una apasionante decisión...
Subject(s)
MedicineABSTRACT
Contenido: Más allá del arte de curar. El desafío de formarse como médico. Formación de un espíritu científico. Carta a un joven estudiante de medicina. Entre la evidencia y la narrativa. Medicina, "edad de oro" y después... Reflexiones sobre el ser médico. ¿Tratamiento de algo o tratamiento de alguien?. Escuchar. El médico: ¿operario o artesano de la salud?. Recuperar el humanismo. Los territorios ignotos de nuestra mente. Vocación en el siglo XXI. Luces y sombras de una decisión crucial. Los cambios en el ejercicio de la medicina, su influencia en la profesión médica y en el cuidado de la salud. Una apasionante decisión...(AU)
Subject(s)
MedicineSubject(s)
Brain Death , Coma/history , Advanced Cardiac Life Support , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , United StatesSubject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Brain Death , Coma/history , Advanced Cardiac Life Support , United StatesABSTRACT
In the last decades, medical decisions are increasingly submitted to the courts of law for a number of reasons, also in our country. The various causes and different issues involved in such proceedings require comments referred to the possibility of causing an additional conflict to that which the courts of law are in theory required to address. In that context, this paper explores the repeated cases in which, due to the lack of positive legislation on a given issue, or due to different interpretations of existing legislation, or for lack of understanding of scientific progress or medical facts, defensive medicine finds its way to the detriment of society as a whole. In many other cases, fearful inexplicable attitudes of the doctors involved result in a transfer of exclusively medical decisions to the courts of law. This attitude contributes to the dismantling of a profession such as medicine, which is already subject to the difficult context of a variety of health systems that fail to sufficiently comply with their obligation of taking care of a community that needs and supports them.
Subject(s)
Decision Making/ethics , Defensive Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Legislation, Medical/ethics , Professional Practice/legislation & jurisprudence , Argentina , Bioethics , Conflict, Psychological , Humans , Physician-Patient Relations , Professional Misconduct , Professional Practice/ethics , SocietiesABSTRACT
En las últimas décadas es habitual, también en nuestro país, que muchas decisiones médicas sean sometidas al escrutinio judicial por diversas causas. La diversidad de motivaciones y la extensa temática que abarcan los problemas abordados requieren que cualquier comentario sobre tales procesos judiciales se refiera a la posibilidad de que se provoque un conflicto adicional al que los tribunales teóricamente están llamados a resolver. En este orden de ideas, este trabajo explora las repetidas circunstancias que por falta de normas concretas en el derecho positivo, o por equívocas interpretaciones de la legislación existente o por desconocimiento del progreso científico o de la realidad médica, conducen a la provocación de una medicina defensiva por omisión que resulta gravemente perjudicial para la sociedad. Muchas veces también la exagerada e inexplicable actitud médica temerosa transfiere al tribunal judicial decisiones que son de su exclusiva competencia. Esta conducta contribuye al desmantelamiento de una profesión que, como la médica, ya está sometida a la gravosa situación de diversos sistemas de salud que no cumplen adecuadamente su finalidad de cuidar a la sociedad que los necesita y los mantiene.
In the last decades, medical decisions are increasingly submitted to the courts of law for a number of reasons, also in our country. The various causes and different issues involved in such proceedings require comments referred to the possibility of causing an additional conflict to that which the courts of law are in theory required to address. In that context, this paper explores the repeated cases in which, due to the lack of positive legislation on a given issue, or due to different interpretations of existing legislation, or for lack of understanding of scientific progress or medical facts, defensive medicine finds its way to the detriment of society as a whole. In many other cases, fearful inexplicable attitudes of the doctors involved result in a transfer of exclusively medical decisions to the courts of law. This attitude contributes to the dismantling of a profession such as medicine, which is already subject to the difficult context of a variety of health systems that fail to sufficiently comply with their obligation of taking care of a community that needs and supports them.
Subject(s)
Humans , Decision Making , Defensive Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Jurisprudence , Legislation, Medical , Professional Practice/legislation & jurisprudence , Bioethics , Conflict, Psychological , Physician-Patient Relations , Professional Misconduct , Professional Practice , SocietiesABSTRACT
The influence of life support withholding and withdrawal on the deaths which occurred in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) over a period of 32 months was analysed. Of 2640 patients admitted in ICU, one of the following five mutually exclusive categories was registered on the 548 patients who died: (i) complete treatment; (ii) complete treatment with non-resuscitation order (NRO); (iii) withholding of life-sustaining treatment; (iv) withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment; and (v) brain death. There was therapeutic limitation of life support in 45.6% of cases (n = 250), with an important majority of withholding (NRO and withholding) in 32.6% of cases, in comparison to withdrawal of life support (8.2% of cases). The comparative analysis with other statistic information suggests the existence of a similar global therapeutic limitation mean in communities with similar cultural background, even if there is a lower influence of life support withdrawal (8.2%) when compared to other countries regardless of their attitude towards the need to establish different degrees of control over technological resources applied to the critically ill. Further research should analyze the influence that moral perception of withdrawal as inconvenient in our society, has over our findings.
Subject(s)
Decision Making , Hospital Mortality , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Life Support Care/ethics , Terminal Care , Withholding Treatment/ethics , Aged , Argentina/epidemiology , Euthanasia, Passive/ethics , Humans , Life Support Care/statistics & numerical data , Terminal Care/psychology , Terminal Care/statistics & numerical data , Withholding Treatment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Se estudió la influencia de la abstención y retiro del soporte vital en la muerte ocurrida en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva durante un período de 32 meses. Sobre 2640 pacientes ingresados se registró la conducta terapéutica en 548 muertos, clasificando la misma en cinco categorías: (i) tratamiento completo, (ii) tratamiento completo con orden de no resucitación (ONR), (iii) abstención de soporte vital, (iv) retiro de soporte vital y (v) muerte cerebral. Hubo limitación terapéutica de soporte vital en el 45.6% (n= 250) con unpredominio importante de la abstención (ONR y abstención) en el 32.6% respecto del retiro de soporte vital (8.2%). Del estudio comparativo con otras estadísticas surge el hallazgo de un porcentaje global de limitación terapéutica media cercana a comunidades con una cultura similar, aunque con una incidencia de retiro (8.2%) manifiestamente inferior a la registrada en todos los países cualesquiera fuera su actitud frente a la necesidad de establecer diversos grados de control sobre el recurso tecnológico en el paciente crítico. Deberá indagarse la influencia que tiene la percepción moral del dejar de actuar, como un proceder inconveniente en nuestra sociedad, en los resultados observados.
The influence of life support withholding and withdrawal on the deaths which occurred in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) over a period of 32 months was analysed. Of 2640 patients admitted in ICU, one of the following five mutually exclusive categories was registered on the 548 patients who died: (i) complete treatment; (ii) complete treatment with non-resuscitation order (NRO); (iii) withholding of life-sustaining treatment; (iv) withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment; and (v) brain death. There was therapeutic limitation of life support in 45.6% of cases (n=250), with an important majority of withholding (NRO and withholding) in 32.6% of cases, in comparison to withdrawal of life support (8.2% of cases). The comparative analysis with other statistic information suggests the existence of a similar global therapeutic limitation mean in communities with similar cultural background, even if there is a lower influence of life support withdrawal (8.2%) when compared to other countries regardless of their attitude towards the need to establish different degrees of control over technological resources applied to the critically ill. Further research should analyze the influence that moral perception of withdrawal as inconvenient in our society, has over our findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Decision Making , Hospital Mortality , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Life Support Care , Terminal Care , Withholding Treatment , Argentina/epidemiology , Euthanasia, Passive , Life Support Care/statistics & numerical data , Terminal Care/psychology , Terminal Care/statistics & numerical data , Withholding Treatment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Se estudió la influencia de la abstención y retiro del soporte vital en la muerte ocurrida en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva durante un período de 32 meses. Sobre 2640 pacientes ingresados se registró la conducta terapéutica en 548 muertos, clasificando la misma en cinco categorías: (i) tratamiento completo, (ii) tratamiento completo con orden de no resucitación (ONR), (iii) abstención de soporte vital, (iv) retiro de soporte vital y (v) muerte cerebral. Hubo limitación terapéutica de soporte vital en el 45.6% (n= 250) con unpredominio importante de la abstención (ONR y abstención) en el 32.6% respecto del retiro de soporte vital (8.2%). Del estudio comparativo con otras estadísticas surge el hallazgo de un porcentaje global de limitación terapéutica media cercana a comunidades con una cultura similar, aunque con una incidencia de retiro (8.2%) manifiestamente inferior a la registrada en todos los países cualesquiera fuera su actitud frente a la necesidad de establecer diversos grados de control sobre el recurso tecnológico en el paciente crítico. Deberá indagarse la influencia que tiene la percepción moral del dejar de actuar, como un proceder inconveniente en nuestra sociedad, en los resultados observados.(AU)
The influence of life support withholding and withdrawal on the deaths which occurred in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) over a period of 32 months was analysed. Of 2640 patients admitted in ICU, one of the following five mutually exclusive categories was registered on the 548 patients who died: (i) complete treatment; (ii) complete treatment with non-resuscitation order (NRO); (iii) withholding of life-sustaining treatment; (iv) withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment; and (v) brain death. There was therapeutic limitation of life support in 45.6% of cases (n=250), with an important majority of withholding (NRO and withholding) in 32.6% of cases, in comparison to withdrawal of life support (8.2% of cases). The comparative analysis with other statistic information suggests the existence of a similar global therapeutic limitation mean in communities with similar cultural background, even if there is a lower influence of life support withdrawal (8.2%) when compared to other countries regardless of their attitude towards the need to establish different degrees of control over technological resources applied to the critically ill. Further research should analyze the influence that moral perception of withdrawal as inconvenient in our society, has over our findings.(AU)
Subject(s)
Comparative Study , Humans , Aged , Decision Making , Hospital Mortality , Terminal Care , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Life Support Care/ethics , Withholding Treatment/ethics , Terminal Care/psychology , Terminal Care/statistics & numerical data , Argentina/epidemiology , Euthanasia, Passive/ethics , Life Support Care/statistics & numerical data , Withholding Treatment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Se estudió la influencia de la abstención y retiro del soporte vital en la muerte ocurrida en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva durante un período de 32 meses. Sobre 2640 pacientes ingresados se registró la conducta terapéutica en 548 muertos, clasificando la misma en cinco categorías: (i) tratamiento completo, (ii) tratamiento completo con orden de no resucitación (ONR), (iii) abstención de soporte vital, (iv) retiro de soporte vital y (v) muerte cerebral. Hubo limitación terapéutica de soporte vital en el 45.6% (n= 250) con unpredominio importante de la abstención (ONR y abstención) en el 32.6% respecto del retiro de soporte vital (8.2%). Del estudio comparativo con otras estadísticas surge el hallazgo de un porcentaje global de limitación terapéutica media cercana a comunidades con una cultura similar, aunque con una incidencia de retiro (8.2%) manifiestamente inferior a la registrada en todos los países cualesquiera fuera su actitud frente a la necesidad de establecer diversos grados de control sobre el recurso tecnológico en el paciente crítico. Deberá indagarse la influencia que tiene la percepción moral del dejar de actuar, como un proceder inconveniente en nuestra sociedad, en los resultados observados.(AU)
The influence of life support withholding and withdrawal on the deaths which occurred in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) over a period of 32 months was analysed. Of 2640 patients admitted in ICU, one of the following five mutually exclusive categories was registered on the 548 patients who died: (i) complete treatment; (ii) complete treatment with non-resuscitation order (NRO); (iii) withholding of life-sustaining treatment; (iv) withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment; and (v) brain death. There was therapeutic limitation of life support in 45.6% of cases (n=250), with an important majority of withholding (NRO and withholding) in 32.6% of cases, in comparison to withdrawal of life support (8.2% of cases). The comparative analysis with other statistic information suggests the existence of a similar global therapeutic limitation mean in communities with similar cultural background, even if there is a lower influence of life support withdrawal (8.2%) when compared to other countries regardless of their attitude towards the need to establish different degrees of control over technological resources applied to the critically ill. Further research should analyze the influence that moral perception of withdrawal as inconvenient in our society, has over our findings.(AU)
