ABSTRACT
Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disease characterized by early-onset recurrent paroxysmal events and persistent neurological deficits. TBC1D24 gene variants have been associated with a phenotypic spectrum having epilepsy as the main clinical manifestation. Herein, we report the case of a child affected by developmental delay, polymorphic seizures, and nonepileptic episodes characterized by hemiplegia or bilateral plegia, pallor, hypotonia, and dystonic postures without loss of consciousness that resolved with sleep. Noteworthy, the patient fulfills all the diagnostic criteria for AHC. An epilepsy gene panel revealed a novel TBC1D24 mutation. This variant may be considered a PM5, according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. TBC1D24 gene variants are associated with various clinical features, and increasing data confirms the association with permanent and paroxysmal movement disorders. Our report suggests that the TBC1D24 molecular analysis could be considered in the diagnostic workup of AHC patients.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy , Hemiplegia , Child , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Epilepsy/genetics , GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics , Hemiplegia/diagnosis , Hemiplegia/genetics , Humans , Mutation , SeizuresABSTRACT
AIM: We present a new and unique association of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome with neuroblastoma and type 1 diabetes mellitus. PATIENT DESCRIPTION: This 17-month-old child presented with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. Investigations revealed a thoracic neuroblastoma. Eleven days later, she re-presented with diabetic ketoacidosis. The neuroblastoma was resected, and she was given immunotherapy. At 12 months' follow-up, her neurological signs and symptoms have significantly improved, but she continues to be insulin dependent. DISCUSSION: This child expands the clinical spectrum of autoimmune disorders associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis , Neuroblastoma/diagnosis , Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome/diagnosis , Thoracic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Female , Humans , Infant , Neuroblastoma/surgery , Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome/drug therapy , Thoracic Neoplasms/surgeryABSTRACT
AIMS: Lacosamide (LCM) is a novel anti-epileptic drug (AED) that enhances the slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Its efficacy as adjunctive therapy for focal seizures is confirmed in adult placebo controlled trials with >50% reduction in seizure frequency in up to 50% patients. There is paucity of data on its efficacy and tolerance in treatment-resistant epilepsy in childhood (TREC). This study aims to assess efficacy and tolerance of LCM as adjunct therapy in TREC. METHODS: Audit of medical records and seizure diaries in children with TREC on LCM. A response (RR) was defined as ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency. RESULTS: Forty children (age range: 2-19 years) with TREC received LCM as add-on therapy. All had abnormal electroencephalograms, and 36 had abnormal neuroimaging. All children failed >2 AED trials, nine had trialled the ketogenic diet, five had failed the vagal nerve stimulator and 11 had failed resective epilepsy surgery. Median dose and duration of LCM therapy were 5.7 mg/kg/day and 10.5 months, respectively. RR was seen in 20% with persistence of RR in 8/36, 8/30 and 8/26 children on LCM at 3-, 6- and 9-month follow-up. Two children became seizure free. Retention on LCM was 65% at 9 months. LCM was well tolerated with minor side effects in seven children; no child discontinued LCM because of side effects. CONCLUSION: LCM is a well-tolerated AED with RR in 20%: in 5%, it resulted in seizure freedom. LCM may be useful even in TREC when seizures have not responded to intervention with multiple modalities.
