ABSTRACT
The complexity of tobacco smoke leads to some confusion about mechanisms by with is caused lung cancer. Tobacco smoke contains many carcinogens, but 20 of them are deeply involved in causing lung cancer induction. Of these, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco specific nitrosamine are likely to play a major role. This review include a discussion of the mechanisms of interaction between DNA and tobacco smoke carcinogens and the relationships with mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. By focusing in this review on several important carcinogens in tobacco smoke, the complexities in understanding tobacco-induced cancer can be reduced, and new approaches for lung cancer prevention can be envisioned.
Subject(s)
Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Health Education , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control , Nitrosamines/adverse effects , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The data concerning the influence of old age and locally advanced stages on breast cancer treatment and outcome are lacking or sparse. The authors reviewed treatment modalities in women over 65 years old with locally advanced breast cancer. The purpose of the study is to determine if differences in treatment modalities, clinical stage and pathological type influence the outcome. For patients with locally advanced disease but without over evidence of metastatic disease, radical surgical procedures should be attempted. Most study results confirm that loco-regional therapy and adjuvant chemohormonotherapy is feasible and safe even for older patients.
