Observational study on adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive early breast cancer patients.

AIM: This observational study investigates the use of adjuvant trastuzumab (AT) in HER2-positive breast cancer patients in a real-life setting, focusing on relapse and discontinuation rates. PATIENTS & METHODS: Data on a group of HER2-positive patients collected from 13 oncology centers of northeast Italy were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 1245 patients were analyzed. 13.1% of patients were excluded from AT because of comorbidities, age, tumor stage, refusal or other reasons; 8.2% of patients who received AT interrupted the therapy, mainly for toxicity. Overall the relapse rate was 10.9% in the AT-treated population versus 22.6% in nontreated patients (follow-up: 37.4 and 62.1 months, respectively). Disease-free survival (DFS) was lower in AT-relapsed patients than in not-relapsed. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between DFS and estrogen receptor status in AT-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Relapse rates are lower in clinical setting compared to clinical trials. Overall, AT is effective in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer patients.

Comparison of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography and computed tomography in patients with already-treated breast cancer: diagnostic and prognostic implications.

AIM: The purpose of the study was to assess the comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and CT in patients with breast cancer (BC) already treated with primary therapy, in evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic values. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 190 patients (187 women and 3 men, mean age 61±11 years) with previous BC (all stages) after surgery and other primary treatments. They underwent within three months CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations for the evaluation of disease status. Disease relapse was confirmed by clinical evaluation and/or radiological findings. Survival curves of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were computed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox analysis regression was used to determine predictive factors of DFS and OS. RESULTS: Of the overall 190 patients, 82 (43%) had evidence of clinical and/or imaging disease relapse, while 108 (57%) did not. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values for disease relapse or progression were of 89% vs. 77%, 73% vs. 53%, 90% vs. 75% and 72% vs. 55%, respectively for PET/CT and CT. DFS curves were significantly different in patients with both negative and positive PET/CT and CT (log-rank test 33.6; P<0.0001 and 12.7; P=0.003, respectively). OS curves were similar in patients with positive/negative PET/CT and CT (P=NS). By both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis positive PET/CT was found to be related to the disease recurrence (HR 0.18 and 0.20, both P<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: PET/CT is more accurate than CT in identification of disease relapse in a large population of BC patients. In women at high-risk of recurrence, PET/CT imaging can provide the early detection of BC metastases, tailoring a proper treatment.

Which benefit from adding gemcitabine to vinorelbine in elderly (>or=70 years) women with metastatic breast cancer? Early interruption of a phase II study.

BACKGROUND: Since vinorelbine and gemcitabine are both active in breast cancer with moderate toxicity, in 2002 we started a phase II trial with a combination regimen in elderly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To evaluate complete plus partial response rates and toxicity of first-line vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 plus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks, in women>or=70 years with advanced breast cancer and measurable lesions. All patients underwent multidimensional geriatric assessment before enrollment. A two-step design was applied, and the trial would be completed if an overall response rate>or=30% was obtained with a grade 3-grade 4 (G3-G4) toxicity rateor=70 years outside the setting of controlled clinical trials.

Large genomic deletions inactivate the BRCA2 gene in breast cancer families.

BACKGROUND: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two major genes responsible for the breast and ovarian cancers that cluster in families with a genetically determined predisposition. However, regardless of the mutation detection method employed, the percentage of families without identifiable alterations of these genes exceeds 50%, even when applying stringent criteria for family selection. A small but significant increase in mutation detection rate has resulted from the discovery of large genomic alterations in BRCA1. A few studies have addressed the question of whether BRCA2 might be inactivated by the same kinds of alteration, but most were either done on a relatively small number of samples or employed cumbersome mutation detection methods of variable sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: To analyse 121 highly selected families using the recently available BRCA2 multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique. RESULTS: Three different large genomic deletions were identified and confirmed by analysis of the mutant transcript and genomic characterisation of the breakpoints. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to initial suggestions, the presence of BRCA2 genomic rearrangements is worth investigating in high risk breast or ovarian cancer families.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for elderly patients (> or =70 years) with early high-risk breast cancer: a retrospective analysis of 260 patients.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly women is currently perceived as one of the priorities in breast cancer (BC) research and, to date, we lack practical guidelines in this age group. Therefore we performed a retrospective analysis of the actual use of adjuvant chemotherapy according to each negative prognostic factor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Charts of all consecutive elderly patients aged 70 years or more with operable BC referred to our institution between 1999 and 2003 were reviewed for tumour stage and treatment, and compared with an equal cohort of younger randomly selected postmenopausal patients (control group). RESULTS: A total of 260 elderly patients (mean age 75.6 years, age range 70-97 years) with histological diagnosis of early BC were eligible. Conserving surgery was performed in 54.6% of patients, nodal dissection in 84.6% and sentinel node biopsy in 5.8%. Tumour size was pT2-pT3 in 45.4% of patients; grading was G3 in 27.3%, hormonal status was negative (HR-) in 16.9% and lymph nodes were involved N+ in 36.1%. Of 188 patients presenting one or more risk factors (pT2-3, G3, N+, HR-), 48.4% were not proposed for adjuvant chemotherapy (compared with 7.2% in the control group), 39.8% of those with nodal involvement (compared with 4.3% of controls, P <0.0001) and 22.7% of those who were HR- (compared with 0.0% of controls, P=0.0002). Considering only patients receiving non-anthracycline-based chemotherapy, 20 elderly patients (25.9%) were unable to complete the planned number of cycles (compared with 4.7% of controls, P=0.0002). The 2-year disease-free survival was significantly decreased in N+ HR- patients compared with the remaining elderly patients (49.9% compared with 90.9%, P=0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly BC patients receive much less adjuvant chemotherapy, according to each prognostic factor. N+ HR- disease probably represents the most reasonable indication. As the toxicity of the CMF regimen frequently caused interruption of treatment, alternative regimens should be assessed in this age class.

Neoadjuvant moderately high-dose chemotherapy with rh-G-CSF in locally advanced breast carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: The poor results of local treatment for locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC) justify the use of chemotherapy as primary treatment. Retrospective studies have shown a positive correlation between dose and response rate in advanced breast cancer. G-CSF has shown efficacy in achieving optimal dose intensity and ameliorating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a moderately high-dose chemotherapy regimen in terms of response rate, disease-free and overall survival and to assess the role of G-CSF in induced neutropenia. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were the following: age <65 years, WHO performance status <2, histologically proven breast carcinoma, adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function, stage IIIA or IIIB disease, and no metastatic disease. No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy was allowed. Three cycles of the following chemotherapy were used preoperatively: epirubicin (100 mg/m2 on day 1), cyclophosphamide (400 mg/m2 for 3 consecutive days) and rh-G-CSF (5 microg/kg/die from day 4 to day 12 every 14 days). After mastectomy or quadrantectomy plus radiotherapy, all patients were treated with 4 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy according to the CMF 1-8 schedule (methotrexate, 40 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2; fluorouracil, 600 mg/m2; all on days 1 and 8, with recycle every 4 weeks). RESULTS: From May 1992 to June 1996, 57 patients with histologically proven LABC were preoperatively treated. Forty-four patients were premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal; the median age was 45 years (range, 29-64). Thirty-five patients had stage IIIA and 22 patients stage IIIB disease (7 with inflammatory disease). Forty-seven patients underwent radical mastectomy and 10 conservative surgery. A clinical response was noted in 93% (95% confidence interval, 83-98%) of patients (12% complete responses and 81% partial responses); 2 pathological complete remissions (3.5%) were obtained. No toxic deaths were observed. All patients had a follow-up of at least 42 months. The overall 5-year survival rate was 76% (standard error--SE), 6%) and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 68% (SE, 6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The 14-day regimen was well tolerated and effective in LABC patients, although not superior to standard-dose chemotherapy. To improve results the use of new drugs in controlled clinical trials seems warranted.

Paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine: a phase I-II trial in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Gruppo Studio Tumori Polmonari Veneto (GSTPV).

BACKGROUND: The combination of paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) is an effective treatment for advanced NSCLC. Gemcitabine (G) is an active new drug. We planned a phase I study to find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the PCG combination. A phase II study was subsequently conducted to evaluate the activity and toxicity of PCG. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients entered the study. Twenty-eight had stage IIIA-B disease, 17 stage IV. In the phase I study, with a fixed dose of C at AUC = 6 on day 1, P was escalated using increments of 25 mg/m2 starting from 175 mg/m2 on day 1 and G with increments of 200 mg/m2 starting from 800 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8. RESULTS: Fourteen patients entered the phase I study. The MTD was reached at P 200 mg/m2, C AUC = 6 and G 1000 mg/m2. Neutropenic fever and grade 3 diarrhea were the dose limiting toxicities. Thirty-one patients were treated in the phase II study with P 175 mg/m2, C AUC = 6 and G 1000 mg/m2. Response rate was 57% (68% in stage III and 47% in stage IV). Myelosuppression was the main toxicity, with grade 3-4 leukopenia occurring in 35% of cases. Grade 3 anemia was observed in 24% of cases and grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 34% of patients. Non-hematological toxicity was mild. Median survival and one-year actuarial survival were 20.5 months and 74% for stage III and 11.5 months and 47% for stage IV. CONCLUSIONS: PCG is a promising regimen for treating advanced NSCLC. A phase III study comparing PCG to paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced NSCLC is ongoing. On the other hand, we are planning to introduce the PCG regimen in the treatment of stage II-III patients in the setting of a multimodality treatment.

Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer stage III patients. Feasibility, toxicity and long-term results of a phase II study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, the response rate and the effect on survival of full dose polychemotherapy delivered concurrently with bifractionated radiotherapy at a radical dose, in a subset of patients with marginally resectable or unresectable stage IIIA-B non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment consisted of two courses of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 for 1 day plus etoposide 120 mg/m2 for 3 days delivered from day 1 to day 22, plus radiotherapy delivered in two cycles of 2560 cGy each from day 3 to day 12 and from day 24 to 33 (total dose 5120 cGy in 31 days). The daily dose was 320 cGy in two equal fractions. After surgery, three additional courses of cisplatin plus etoposide were planned. From February 1988 to June 1991, 39 patients with stage III NSCLC (19 were judged as having marginally resectable, 20 as having unresectable disease) were entered into the study. Out of 39 patients (22 squamous cell carcinoma, 17 adeno/large cell carcinoma), 24 had stage IIIa (62%) and 15 stage IIIb (38%). Median PS was 80 (70-90). A total of 78 (74 evaluable) concurrent cycles of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy were delivered. The prominent side-effect was leucopenia: leucopenia > or = grade 3 at nadir occurred in 20 cycles (27%), thrombocytopenia > or = grade 3 at nadir in seven cycles (9%), 19 patients (54%) had a treatment delay of 1 week between the two cycles. Other important toxicities were sepsis in 5 patients (13%), oesophagitis > grade 2 in 9 patients (23%) and pneumonitis in 5 patients (13%). The response rate was 67% (6 CR (complete response), 16%; 19 PR (partial response), 51%). A resection was subsequently performed in 20 (51%) patients: 14 out of 19 marginally resectable (74%) and 6 out 20 initially unresectable (30%) patients. One other patient had an exploratory thoracotomy. Surgical specimens were tumour-free in 3 patients (14%); in 8 patients (38%) only microscopic tumour was found, and in 10 (48%) macroscopic residual tumour was found. Out of 23 patients attaining a CR, 5 relapsed locally and 11 only distantly. At present, with a follow-up ranging from 64 to 90 months, 34 patients have died, 1 is alive with recurrent disease and 4 (17%) are alive without evidence of disease. Median survival was 16 months, with 18% 3-year survivors and 13% 5-year survivors. Resected patients had a median survival of 21 months, versus 10 months for unresected patients (P = 0.01). No significant difference was evident between stage IIIa and stage IIIb patients.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases dose intensity of chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Relationship between clinical results, peripheral blood cell modifications, and bone marrow kinetics.

BACKGROUND: Until now, no dose-response correlation has been clearly defined in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS: Forty-one consecutive patients with SCLC entered this study, 21 (limited [L]/extensive [E] = 10/11) patients (group A) received cisplatin 60 mg/m2, etoposide 120 mg/m2 x 3, and escalating epirubicin (5 mg/m2) starting from 45 mg/m2, every 3 weeks for six courses. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was reached at epirubicin 60 mg/m2. In 15 (L/E = 9/6) patients (group B), who were submitted to the same combination plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 10 micrograms/kg on days 4 to 14, the MTD was reached at the epirubicin dose of 70 mg/m2. In five (L/E = 4/1) patients (group C) treated as in group B, but with a GM-CSF priming from day -17 to -7 before the first cycle, the MTD was again at 70 mg/m2. Group A patients received 73% of the planned cycles; groups B and C, 86% (P < 0.015). Twenty-five percent of group A cycles versus 6% of groups B and C were delayed (P = 0.0018). The chemotherapy dose was reduced in 15% versus 1.5% of cycles (P = 0.0072). A significant difference was observed in the delivered dose intensity (DI) and in the relative DI with an increase of 29% for cisplatin and etoposide (P < 0.0005; P = 0.0017) and of 63% for epirubicin (P < 0.0000). In group A, the response rate was 72% (24% complete response [CR]), and in groups B and C, 95% (40% CR). Bone marrow myeloid precursor (BMMP) proliferative activity was determined in 21 patients after in vivo bromodeoxyuridine infusion. In GM-CSF-treated patients the production rate evaluated before the starting of the second, fourth, and fifth cycle was significantly higher than the corresponding value of the first cycle. CONCLUSIONS: GM-CSF induces a significant increase of dose intensity by a long-lasting and cumulative enhancement of BMMP proliferation.

Bone marrow myeloid cell kinetics during treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung with chemotherapy not associated and associated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Information on the kinetics of bone marrow (BM) myeloid precursors (BMMP) is required for integrating cancer chemotherapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), with the aim of reducing neutropenia. Using bivariate flow-cytometric analysis of the in vivo incorporation of bromode-oxyuridine (BUDR) vs DNA content we have studied the kinetics of BMMP in 21 patients with SCLC during the first of six chemotherapy courses (etoposide, epirubicin, and cis-platinum, days 1-3, every 21 days), given alone (eight patients) or followed by rhGM-CSF (10 micrograms/kg/day s.c., days 4-14) as BM rescue (eight patients) or both preceded (days -17 to -7, as BM priming) and followed by rhGM-CSF (five patients). At 11-14 days after the start of these therapies there was an increase in the baseline proliferative activity of proliferating BMMP and a shortening in the time needed by the metamyelocyte to mature and to leave the marrow. Both effects were greater and were maintained to a significantly greater degree a week later in patients who received chemotherapy plus rhGM-CSF rescue than in those who received chemotherapy alone or rhGM-CSF priming alone. At day 11-14 the pretreatment median cell production rate of pBMMP was increased by 340%, 150%, and 183% and the maturation time was reduced by 80%, 45%, and 57%, respectively, in the three groups. A week later, the corresponding figures were 206%, 111%, and 157% and 50%, 18%, and 45%. Hence, an identical rhGM-CSF schedule is more effective in increasing the neutrophil production by BMMP when given following chemotherapy as BM rescue than before it as BM priming. In both the rescue and the priming schedule, the increase in proliferative activity of BMMP just at the end of rhGM-CSF stimulation was linked to both an increase in the labeling index and a reduction in duration of S-phase (TS), while a week later it was linked solely to reduction in TS. This could actually reduce one of the two kinetic targets of subsequently administered cytostatics, i.e., a high LI and a long time spent in S phase. From this study, accurate kinetic data can be obtained with the in vivo BUDR technique that are useful in scheduling rhGM-CSF.

Deflazacort and fluoximesterone in advanced, pretreated breast cancer.

A very simple, low dose, orally administered regime (10 to 15 mg of fluoximesterone + 6 mg of deflazacort daily for periods of 1 to several months) resulting in mild-acceptable toxicity (essentially some weight gain) determined subjective improvement in 2/3 of 34 evaluable patients (out of 36 treated) and an objective measurable tumor reduction in 1/3, although most patients had been previously treated with chemotherapy and hormone treatment and proved primarily or secondarily refractory. The receptor status at the beginning of fluoximesterone+deflazacort treatment was not known, except in one negative-receptor patient, who responded to the combination after becoming resistant to tamoxifen (see photo). In some patients the condition of hormone refractoriness would suggest a no-treatment policy, but a trial with this regime is always convenient as it may improve both duration and quality of life.

Chemotherapy for invasive thymoma. A 13-year experience.

From 1977 to 1990, 37 patients with Stage III or IV invasive thymoma (20 men and 17 women; median age, 40 years of age) were referred for chemotherapy to the Padova Medical Oncology Department. All patients initially received the same regimen (50 mg/m2 of cisplatin and 40 mg/m2 of doxorubicin intravenously (IV) on day 1, 0.6 mg/m2 of vincristine IV on day 3, and 700 mg/m2 of cyclophosphamide IV on day 4 [ADOC]), recycling at monthly intervals. No life-threatening side effects were noted. The overall clinical response rate (complete response plus partial response) was 91.8%, with 43% complete remissions. Median duration of response and survival were 12 months (range, 2 to 96+ months) and 15 months (range, 5 to 96+ months), respectively. Seven of the 16 complete remissions were pathologically confirmed at subsequent thoracotomy. Other chemotherapy combinations and radiation therapy have been applied as second-line treatment, achieving only minimal responses. In the opinion of the authors, such chemotherapy deserves evaluation for adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatment of invasive (and/or inoperable) thymoma due to the high complete response rate and overall response rate.

Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma.

Thirty-two patients with stage III or IV invasive thymoma (14 women and 18 men; median age, 40 years) were treated at the Padua Medical Oncology Department from 1977 to 1988. All patients received the following chemotherapy in 4-day courses: 50 mg/m2 of cisplatin intravenously (IV) and 40 mg/m2 of doxorubicin IV on day 1; 0.6 mg/m2 of vincristine IV on day 3; and 700 mg/m2 of cyclophosphamide IV on day 4 (ADOC). The courses were repeated every 3 weeks, and toxic effects were tolerable. The radiologically defined overall clinical response rate (complete plus partial response) was 91% with 47% clinical complete remissions; median time to progression was 11 months (range, 0 to 96) and the median estimated (Kaplan-Meier) progression-free interval was 22 months. Five of the 15 clinical complete remissions were pathologically confirmed at thoracotomy. We believe the ADOC regimen qualifies for adjuvant and preoperative treatment of invasive thymoma due to the high complete response and overall response rates.

Alpha-2 interferon and 5-fluorouracil in advanced colorectal cancer.

A total of 21 untreated patients (5 males, 16 females; median age, 55 years; range, 28-72) with advanced measurable colorectal carcinoma were treated with an association of 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/weekly) and alpha-2 interferon (three times a week s.c.: 6 x 10(6) U in the 1st month, 9 x 10(6) U in the 2nd month, 12 x 10(6) U in the 3rd month and then 18 x 10(6) U) until maximum response or progression of disease. Sites of disease involved liver in 10 patients, lung in 6, supraclavicular lymph nodes in 3, skin in 1, abdomen in 4, and vagina in 1 patient. Nine responses (42.8%) were documented (4 complete and 5 partial) with metastases confined to the liver, lung, nodes and skin. Median duration of response was 11 months (range, 4-17+) and median survival was 10 months (range, 2-17+). Side effects (fever, flu-like syndrome and leukopenia) required a dose reduction of 5-fluorouracil in 8 patients and interferon in 2 patients.

Cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide in non-small cell lung carcinoma. A phase II randomized study with cisplatin and etoposide as the control arm.

A Phase II randomized study testing the combination of cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide (PEI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was performed. The standard combination of cisplatin and etoposide (PE) was used as the control arm. Since January 1987, 78 patients were enrolled and then stratified for previous treatments and performance status (PS). The response rate (RR) of PEI was 26% (95% confidence limits [95 CL], 12% to 40%), with one complete response (CR). The RR of PE was 26% (95 CL, 13% to 39%), with no CR. The median response duration was 5 months (range, 2 to 13 months) for PEI and 4 months (range, 2 to 6 months) for PE. The median survival time was 6 months (range, 1 to 22+ months) for PEI and 7 months (range, 1 to 21+ months) for PE. Leukopenia at recycling was similar in both arms (25% for PEI and 29% of PE). The median leukocyte nadir was 2100/microliters (range, 430 to 4870/microliters) for PEI patients and 3150/microliters (range, 500 to 5000/microliters) for PE patients. Three patients had a drug-related death secondary to infections. This Phase II randomized study suggested that the combination of cisplatin plus etoposide and ifosfamide produces results similar to those obtainable with cisplatin and etoposide.

Evaluation of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and micronuclei in lymphocytes, oral mucosa and hair root cells of patients under antiblastic therapy.

In 7 patients undergoing antiblastic chemotherapy for the first time, the structural chromosomal aberration (CA) test in peripheral lymphocytes was compared with the micronucleus (Mn) test in lymphocytes, in oral cavity cells and in hair root cells of the scalp. The last test is being proposed for the first time. The CA and Mn frequencies induced by chemotherapy were compared with the baseline (pretreatment) frequencies of the patients and with confidence limits calculated in 4 control groups studied for CA, Mn in lymphocytes, Mn in oral cavity cells and Mn in hair root cells, respectively. The studied chemotherapies induced a clear cytogenetic effect in at least 2 of the tests studied with the exception of interferon-alpha 2b (patient 6) and interferon + low doses of cis-platinum (patient 2) which did not appear to cause evident chromosomal damage. The response to chemotherapy is generally characterized by an increase in Ca and Mn, reaching a peak value and then decreasing in the following weeks. The CA test proves to be the most sensitive despite the fact that CA were analyzed in an average of 100 cells per sample against the 500-3000 cells analyzed for Mn. The efficiency of Mn to detect CA is in the following order: Mn in lymphocytes greater than Mn in buccal cells greater than Mn in hair root cells. The last test appears to be very promising but, used following the current method, does not appear suitable to monitor acute exposure.

Intrapericardial instillation of platin in malignant pericardial effusion.

Six patients (four men and two women) affected by malignant pericardial effusion, as confirmed by cytologic examination, were treated with direct intrapericardial administration of cisplatin. Median age was 36.8 years (range, 18 to 56 years). After insertion of a radiopaque polyurethane catheter (Centracath Vygon, Laboratoires Pharmaceutiques, Vygon-Ecouen, France), fluid was drained and cisplatin (10 mg in 20 ml of normal saline) was instilled over 5 minutes on 5 consecutive days (total cisplatin dose, 50 mg). At the end of the course, the catheter was withdrawn. Courses were repeated every 2 or 3 weeks in case of fluid reaccumulation. The median number of courses was two, with a range of one to three courses. Three patients achieved complete response and all three died of primary disease progression without evidence of pericardial recurrence or stricture. Mild nausea occurred in all patients. No hematologic and renal toxicity and local or infectious complications were observed.

High-dose medroxyprogesterone in disseminated breast cancer. Correlation between bioavailability and clinical response.

Clinical response to high-dose medroxyprogesterone (MPA), administered following three different routes of administration (i.m., p.o. + i.m., p.o.) and monitoring drug plasma levels, was evaluated in pretreated advanced breast cancer patients. Fifty-eight of 68 eligible patients were considered evaluable for response. Age ranged between 36 years and 82 years. Fifty-six of 58 evaluable patients were postmenopausal. An overall remission rate of 48% was achieved with i.m. MPA, 50% with combined (i.m. + p.o.) modalities; only a 19% remission rate was recorded in the p.o. group. Response rate and MPA plasma concentrations were correlated, and a drug level of 80 ng/ml, by means of a GLC method, seems to identify a subset of patients with high probability of response. Only mild toxic effects were recorded.