ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin type A injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation; however, research on people's satisfaction based on age is limited. This study assessed patient satisfaction with botulinum toxin injections for forehead, glabella, and periorbital wrinkles in Birjand, Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The current study examined 150 people aged 18 to 70 who requested botulinum toxin type A injection in the forehead, glabellar, and periorbital area in 2022, who visited the plastic surgery clinic and the authors' offices in Birjand City. To check patients' satisfaction, Facial Lines Treatment Satisfaction (FTS) Questionnaire was used. One month after botulinum toxin type A injection, this questionnaire was completed by the clients. Also, the brand type of botulinum toxin, age, gender of the clients, frequency of visits, and complications were collected in the relevant checklist. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 38.8 ± 8.29 years with 73.3% being female. Masport botulinum toxin (MasoonDarou Pharmaceutical Company, I.R. Iran) was the most frequently used botulinum toxin brand at 66.7%. The average satisfaction score with the result of botulinum toxin injection in the forehead/glabella and periorbital area, in the age group under 30 years and 30-40 years, was significantly higher than in the age group over 50 years. The same indicators in the age group under 30 years old were significantly higher than in the 30-40 age group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, brand selection and the number of visits (first-time vs. second-time clients) demonstrated varied outcomes in satisfaction. There was a total of 62.7% side effects postinjection, with varying degrees of severity.
Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins, Type A , Cosmetic Techniques , Neuromuscular Agents , Patient Satisfaction , Rejuvenation , Skin Aging , Humans , Female , Male , Adult , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/administration & dosage , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Skin Aging/drug effects , Young Adult , Cosmetic Techniques/adverse effects , Aged , Age Factors , Neuromuscular Agents/administration & dosage , Neuromuscular Agents/adverse effects , Adolescent , Iran , Face , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Forehead , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Today, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are candidates for various autoimmune disease treatments due to immunomodulatory activity in these cells. Much research has recently been done to improve the immunomodulatory activity of MSCs. Genetic variation is one of these methods. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control most of the cell's biological activities. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs play a significant role in the regulation of MSC immunomodulatory activity. Pomegranate is a fruit that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties and has been used for many years for therapeutic purposes. The objective of this research is to evaluate the immunoregulatory-related miRNAs level of adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) obtained from adipose tissue in the presence or lack of pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract (PGE). Our results showed that miRNA-23 and miRNA-126 were upregulated by PGE treatment in MSCs, and in contrast, miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 were downregulated by PGE treatment in MSCs. In addition this research shows that PGE can downregulate the expression of PI3K\AKT1\NF-[Formula: see text]B in Ad-MSCs. Our bioinformatics data have shown that the target of these four miRNAs and the signaling pathways, in which these targets are involved, can play an important role in regulating the immunomodulation function of stem cells. In conclusion, PGE can inhibit the expression of PI3K\AKT1\NF-[Formula: see text]B genes involved in inflammatory pathways via miRNA-23 and miRNA-126 overexpression or miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 downregulation that plays a role in the pathways of immune modulation in Ad-MSCs. These results may provide insight into the mechanism underlying the regulation of the immunomodulatory activity of Ad-MSCs by PGE.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism , MicroRNAs/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Humans , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects , MicroRNAs/genetics , NF-kappa B/genetics , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Pomegranate/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide. The tumor invades surrounding tissues in an irregular pattern via subclinical and microscopic finger-like growths known as subclinical extension. Subclinical extension may be responsible for incomplete resection of the tumor. This study investigates the subclinical extension of BCC. METHODS: In a retrospective study for evaluation of subclinical extension of BCC, Patients' demographic data and characteristics (disease duration, location, size, and history of radiotherapy) were documented. Pathology samples were assessed in terms of histological type, subclinical extension, depth, and involvement of margins. RESULTS: The study was conducted on 102 pathological samples of 84 patients (49 males, 35 females) with BCC. The mean age was 65.4±12.55 years. Overall, 83% of pathology samples had subclinical extension. Subclinical extension had no correlation with lesion size (p=0.591; r=0.056), but had a direct correlation with lesion depth (p=0.033; r=0.220). Resection of the tumor with a margin of 5.5 mm eliminated the entire lesion and its subclinical extension area with a confidence rate of 95%. CONCLUSION: Based on this study, resection of BCC lesions with a margin of 5.5 mm will eradicate the whole lesion including the subclinical extension area with 95% confidence rate. Depth of the tumor, not its size or histologic subtype, affects the required margin of excision.
