Simultaneous derivatization and solid-based disperser liquid-liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of some antidepressants and an antiarrhythmic agent in urine and plasma samples followed by GC-FID.

The present work is based on a one-step method including derivatization and solid-based disperser liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for the determination of four antidepressants (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, tranylcypromine, and nortriptyline) and an antiarrhythmic agent (mexiletine) in human urine and plasma samples. In this method, a mixture of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (extraction solvent) and butylchloroformate (derivatizing reagent) is added on a sugar cube (solid disperser) and it is introduced into an aqueous sample containing the analytes and a catalyst, e.g. 3-methylpyridine (picoline). During dissolving the sugar cube by manual shaking, the extractant and derivatization agent are gradually released into the sample as very fine droplets. Then the resulted cloudy solution is centrifuged and the sedimented phase is analyzed by GC-FID. The influence of several variables on the efficiency of derivatization/microextraction procedure such as kind and volume of extraction solvent, type and amount of disperser, amount of derivatization agent, and catalyst volume are optimized. Under the optimum conditions the calibration curves are linear in the range of 8-100,000µgL(-1) (coefficient of determination ≥0.994). The relative standard deviations are obtained in the range of 3.0-6.0% for all compounds. Moreover, the detection limits and enrichment factors of the target analytes are obtained in the ranges 1-15µgL(-1) and 228-268, respectively, for both plasma and urine samples. The relative recoveries obtained for the spiked plasma and urine samples are between 70 and 91%. The results show that the proposed method is simple, reliable, low cost, and applicable to determine trace amounts of the studied drugs in biological samples.

Gas chromatographic determination of some phenolic compounds in fuels and engine oil after simultaneous derivatization and microextraction.

In this study, a simultaneous derivatization/air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method has been developed for sample preparation of some phenolic compounds in fuels and engine oil. Analytes are transferred by back liquid-liquid extraction into NaOH solution and then are derivatized with butyl chloroformate and extracted simultaneously into carbon tetrachloride. The extracted derivatized analytes are analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The effect of extracting solvent type, derivatization agent and extraction solvent volumes, ionic strength of the aqueous solution, number of extraction cycles, etc., on the extraction efficiency is investigated. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 3-10,000 µg/L. Enhancement factors, enrichment factors, and extraction recoveries are in the ranges of 497 to 1471, 571 to 991, and 60 to 109%, respectively. Detection limits are obtained in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 µg/L. Relative standard deviations for the extraction of each selected phenols are in the ranges of 2-4% for intraday (n = 6) and 3-6% (n = 5) for interday precisions for 200 µg/L. This technique is successfully applied for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of the selected phenols in gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, and engine oil.

Development of a new microextraction method based on elevated temperature dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of triazole pesticides residues in honey by gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection.

In the present study, a rapid, highly efficient, and reliable sample preparation method named "elevated temperature dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction" followed by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection was developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of five triazole pesticides (penconazole, hexaconazole, diniconazole, tebuconazole, and difenoconazole) in honey samples. In this method the temperature of high-volume aqueous phase was adjusted at an elevated temperature and then a disperser solvent containing an extraction solvent was rapidly injected into the aqueous phase. After cooling to room temperature, the phase separation was accelerated by centrifugation. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as type and volume of the extraction and disperser solvents, temperature, salt addition, and pH were evaluated. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method resulted in low limits of detection and quantification within the range 0.05-0.21ngg(-1) in honey (15-70ngL(-1) in solution) and 0.15-1.1ngg(-1) in honey (45-210ngL(-1) in solution), respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 1943-1994 and 97-100%, respectively. The method precision was evaluated at 1.5ngg(-1) of each analyte, and the relative standard deviations were found to be less than 4% for intra-day (n=6) and less than 6% for inter-days. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of honey samples and difenoconazole was determined at ngg(-1) levels.