ABSTRACT
The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ has been considered a potential therapeutic target due to its rapid treadmilling that induces cellular wall construction in bacteria. The current study discovered a novel antimicrobial compound, silibinin, a natural flavonolignan and its impact on the recombinant S. aureus FtsZ (SaFtsZ). Silibinin inhibited S. aureus Newman growth in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 and MIC values for silibinin were 75⯵M and 200⯵M, respectively. It had no cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells in vitro. Silibinin also enlarged the bacterial cell morphology by ~40 folds and showed antibiofilm property. It perturbed the S. aureus membrane potential both at IC50 conc. and at MIC conc. Further, it inhibited both the polymerization and GTPase activity of SaFtsZ. It did not inhibit tubulin assembly, a eukaryotic FtsZ homolog. A fluorescence quenching study yielded the Kd value for SaFtsZ-Silibinin interaction and binding stoichiometry 0.857⯱â¯0.188⯵M and 1:1, respectively. Both in silico study and competition assay indicated that silibinin binds at the GTP binding site on SaFtsZ. The Ki value for the silibinin-mediated inhibition of SaFtsZ was 8.8⯵M. Therefore, these findings have comprehensively shown the antimicrobial behavior of silibinin on S. aureus Newman cells targeting SaFtsZ.
ABSTRACT
The therapeutic application of CRISPR-Cas9 is limited due to its off-target activity. To have a better understanding of this off-target effect, we focused on its mismatch-prone PAM distal end. The off-target activity of SpCas9 depends directly on the nature of mismatches, which in turn results in deviation of the active site of SpCas9 due to structural instability in the RNA-DNA duplex strand. In order to test the hypothesis, we designed an array of mismatched target sites at the PAM distal end and performed in vitro and cell line-based experiments, which showed a strong correlation for Cas9 activity. We found that target sites having multiple mismatches in the 18th to 15th position upstream of the PAM showed no to little activity. For further mechanistic validation, Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed, which revealed that certain mismatches showed elevated root mean square deviation values that can be attributed to conformational instability within the RNA-DNA duplex. Therefore, for successful prediction of the off-target effect of SpCas9, along with complementation-derived energy, the RNA-DNA duplex stability should be taken into account.
Subject(s)
Base Pair Mismatch , CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Humans , CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism , CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics , CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/chemistry , DNA/chemistry , DNA/metabolism , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , RNA/chemistry , RNA/metabolism , RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism , RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/chemistry , HEK293 Cells , Gene EditingABSTRACT
Lapatinib (LTP) commercially available as lapatinib ditosylate (LTP-DTS) salt is the only drug approved for the treatment of HER-positive metastatic breast cancer. A low and pH-dependent solubility results in poor and variable oral bioavailability, thus driving significant interest in molecular modification and formulation strategies of the drug. Furthermore, due to very high crystallinity, LTP and LTP-DTS have low solubility in lipid excipients, making it difficult to be delivered by lipid-based carrier systems. Thus, the present work reports a new salt form of LTP with a docusate counterion to enhance the pharmaceutical properties of the drug (LTP-DOC). NMR spectra showed a downfield shift of the methylene singlet proton from 3.83 and 4.41 ppm, indicating a lowering of electron density on the adjacent nitrogen atom and confirming the formation of amine-sulfonyl salt through the specified basic nitrogen center located adjacent to the furan ring. PXRD diffractograms of LTP-DOC indicated a reduced crystallinity of the prepared salt. The dissolution, equilibrium solubility, lipid excipient solubility, partitioning coefficient, distribution coefficient, tabletability, and in vitro cytotoxicity of the lipophilic salt of LTP were investigated. The equilibrium solubility data showed that LTP-DOC possesses a pH-independent solubility profile in the pH range of 3.5 to 7.4 with a 3.14 times higher permeability coefficient than commercial ditosylate salt. Furthermore, the prepared LTP-DOC salts showed twice higher log P than the free base and 8 times higher than LTP-DTS. The prepared LTP-DOC was found to have 4- to 9-fold higher solubility in lipid excipients like Capmul MCM C8 and Maisine CC compared to the ditosylate salt. The LTP-DOC salt was tabletable and showed approximately 1.2 times lower dissolution than commercial ditosylate salt, indicating extended-release behavior. A cytotoxicity study of LTP-DOC salt showed an approximately 2.5 times lower IC50 value than the LTP-free base and 1.7 times lower than commercial ditosylate salt with an approximately 3 times higher selectivity index. The investigations strongly indicate a high translational potential of the prepared salt form in maintaining solubility-lipophilicity interplay, enhancing the drug's bioavailability, and developing lipidic formulations.
Subject(s)
Excipients , Lapatinib , Solubility , Lapatinib/chemistry , Humans , Excipients/chemistry , Lipids/chemistry , Salts/chemistry , Biological Availability , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Drug LiberationABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to ~1% of all human cancers including several B-cell neoplasms. A characteristic feature of EBV life cycle is its ability to transform metabolically quiescent B-lymphocytes into hyperproliferating B-cell blasts with the establishment of viral latency, while intermittent lytic cycle induction is necessary for the production of progeny virus. Our RNA-Seq analyses of both latently infected naïve B-lymphocytes and transformed B-lymphocytes upon lytic cycle replication indicate a contrasting expression pattern of a membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform CA9, an essential component for maintaining cell acid-base homeostasis. We show that while CA9 expression is transcriptionally activated during latent infection model, lytic cycle replication restrains its expression. Pharmacological inhibition of CA-activity using specific inhibitors retards EBV induced B-cell transformation, inhibits B-cells outgrowth and colony formation ability of transformed B-lymphocytes through lowering the intracellular pH, induction of cell apoptosis and facilitating degradation of CA9 transcripts. Reanalyses of ChIP-Seq data along with utilization of EBNA2 knockout virus, ectopic expression of EBNA2 and sh-RNA mediated knockdown of CA9 expression we further demonstrate that EBNA2 mediated CA9 transcriptional activation is essential for EBV latently infected B-cell survival. In contrast, during lytic cycle reactivation CA9 expression is transcriptionally suppressed by the key EBV lytic cycle transactivator, BZLF1 through its transactivation domain. Overall, our study highlights the dynamic alterations of CA9 expression and its activity in regulating pH homeostasis act as one of the major drivers for EBV induced B-cell transformation and subsequent B-cell lymphomagenesis.
Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections , Herpesvirus 4, Human , Humans , Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics , B-Lymphocytes , Virus Latency , Trans-Activators/genetics , Virus Activation , Gene Expression Regulation, ViralABSTRACT
Chandipura Virus is an emerging tropical pathogen with a high mortality rate among children. No mode of treatment or antivirals exists against CHPV infection, due to little information regarding its host interaction. Studying viral pathogen interaction with its host can not only provide valuable information regarding its propagation strategy, but also on which host proteins interact with the virus. Identifying these proteins and understanding their role in the infection process can provide more stable anti-viral targets. In this study, we focused on identifying host factors that interact with CHPV and may play a critical role in CHPV infection. We are the first to report the successful identification of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), a secretory protein of the host that interacts with CHPV. We also established that LRP1 (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and GRP78 (Glucose regulated protein 78), receptors of A2M, also interact with CHPV. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate that knocking out A2M has a severe effect on viral infection. We conclusively show the interaction of these host proteins with CHPV. Our findings also indicate that these host proteins could play a role in viral entry into the host cell.
Subject(s)
Transcription Factors , Vesiculovirus , Child , Humans , Macroglobulins , Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1ABSTRACT
To swim through a viscous fluid, a flagellated bacterium must overcome the fluid drag on its body by rotating a flagellum or a bundle of multiple flagella. Because the drag increases with the size of bacteria, it is expected theoretically that the swimming speed of a bacterium inversely correlates with its body length. Nevertheless, despite extensive research, the fundamental size-speed relation of flagellated bacteria remains unclear with different experiments reporting conflicting results. Here, by critically reviewing the existing evidence and synergizing our own experiments of large sample sizes, hydrodynamic modeling, and simulations, we demonstrate that the average swimming speed of Escherichia coli, a premier model of peritrichous bacteria, is independent of their body length. Our quantitative analysis shows that such a counterintuitive relation is the consequence of the collective flagellar dynamics dictated by the linear correlation between the body length and the number of flagella of bacteria. Notably, our study reveals how bacteria utilize the increasing number of flagella to regulate the flagellar motor load. The collective load sharing among multiple flagella results in a lower load on each flagellar motor and therefore faster flagellar rotation, which compensates for the higher fluid drag on the longer bodies of bacteria. Without this balancing mechanism, the swimming speed of monotrichous bacteria generically decreases with increasing body length, a feature limiting the size variation of the bacteria. Altogether, our study resolves a long-standing controversy over the size-speed relation of flagellated bacteria and provides insights into the functional benefit of multiflagellarity in bacteria.
Subject(s)
Movement , Swimming , Movement/physiology , Flagella/physiology , Rotation , Escherichia coli/physiologyABSTRACT
COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest global crisis. The frequent mutations in coronavirus to generate new mutants are of major concern. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been well studied to find suitable molecular targets and candidate drugs for effective treatment. FDArecommended etiotropic therapies are currently followed along with mass vaccination. The drug delivery system and the route of administration have a great role in enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic agents and vaccines. Since COVID-19 primarily infects the lungs in the affected individuals, pulmonary administration may be the best possible route for the treatment of COVID-19. Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, porous microsphere, dendrimers, and nanoparticles encapsulated microparticles are the most suitable drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery. The solubility, permeability, chemical stability, and biodegradability of drug molecules are the key factors for the right selection of suitable nanocarriers. The application of nanotechnology has been instrumental in the successful development of mRNA, DNA and subunit vaccines, as well as the delivery of COVID-19 therapeutic agents.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Pandemics/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Drug Delivery Systems , COVID-19 VaccinesABSTRACT
The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of beta-glucogallin (BGG), a plant-derived natural product, was evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. For the in vitro study, the ability of BGG pre-treatment to quench LPS-induced effects compared to LPS alone in macrophages was investigated. It was found that BGG pre-treatment showed a significant decrease in ROS, NO, superoxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-17, IL-1ß, and IL-6) and increased reduced glutathione coupled with the restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential. Gene profiling and further validation by qPCR showed that BGG pre-treatment downregulated the LPS-induced expression of c-Fos, Fas, MMP-9, iNOS, COX-2, MyD88, TRIF, TRAF6, TRAM, c-JUN, and NF-κB. We observed that BGG pre-treatment reduced nuclear translocation of LPS-activated NF-κB and thus reduced the subsequent expressions of NLRP3 and IL-1ß, indicating the ability of BGG to inhibit inflammasome formation. Molecular docking studies showed that BGG could bind at the active site of TLR4. Finally, in the LPS-driven sepsis mouse model, we showed that pre-treatment with BGG sustained toxic shock, as evident from their 100% survival. Our study clearly showed the therapeutic potential of BGG in toxic shock syndrome.
Subject(s)
Biological Products , Sepsis , Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Biological Products/pharmacology , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Glutathione/metabolism , Hydrolyzable Tannins , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Sepsis/metabolism , Superoxides/metabolism , TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Chronic arsenic (As) poisoning is mostly due to subsoil water contaminated with As and its salts. Exposure to As has been found to cause an elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the damage of DNA and proteins, and it also causes immunotoxicity. Treatment regimens are primarily based on chelation therapy and amino acid and vitamin supplementations. Recent studies have established that natural products display effective and progressive relief from arsenicosis without any side effects. ß-glucogallin (BGG), a gallo-tannin natural product, is reported to possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we aim to observe the protective role of BGG against As-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the underlying mechanisms in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We found that BGG alleviates As-induced ROS, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Thus, BGG can be used therapeutically to prevent As-induced toxicity.
Subject(s)
Arsenic Poisoning , Arsenic , Animals , Apoptosis , Arsenic/toxicity , Arsenic Poisoning/metabolism , Arsenic Poisoning/prevention & control , Arsenic Trioxide/pharmacology , Hydrolyzable Tannins/pharmacology , Mice , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Oxides/toxicity , RAW 264.7 Cells , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Copper nanoparticle (CuNP) has well-established antimicrobial activity. Instability in an aqueous medium due to aggregation into larger particles, conversion into metal ions, and oxidation into metal oxides are the major limitations of its practical use against bacterial infections. OBJECTIVE: Development of CuNP Conjugated Chitosan Microparticles as a reservoir that will release CuNP effective against notorious bacteria like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: CuNP conjugated chitosan microparticles (CNCCM) were synthesized using a simple twostep process. In the first step, a solution of chitosan in 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid was added dropwise in copper sulphate solution to prepare Cu ion conjugated chitosan beads. In the second step, these beads were soaked in sodium hydroxide solution to get the CNCCM. The dried CNCCM were characterized thoroughly for surface conjugation of CuNP, and the release of CuNP in a suitable medium. The physicochemical properties of release CuNP were further verified with the in silico modelled CuNP. The Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of released CuNp were evaluated against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RESULTS: 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid solution (pH 3.5) was the optimum medium for the release of ~2 nm CuNP from CNCCM. The CuNP had an optical band gap of ~ 2 eV. It inhibited the cell wall synthesis of MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 200 nM. At 100 nM dose, the CuNP caused ~73% reduction in biofilm development after 24 h of growth. The cytotoxic effect of CuNP on the human cell line (HEK 293) was significantly less than that on MRSA. The 48 h IC50 value against HEK 293 was 3.45-fold higher than the MIC value against MRSA after 24 h treatment. CONCLUSION: CuNP Conjugated Chitosan Microparticle has been developed. It works as a stable reservoir of ~2 nm CuNP. The CuNP is released in an aqueous medium containing 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid (pH 3.5). The released CuNP has a bacteriostatic effect against MRSA at a concentration safe for human cells.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Chitosan , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Nanoparticles , Humans , Chitosan/chemistry , Methicillin/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Copper , HEK293 Cells , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Water/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Homeopathy is a widely practiced alternate system of medicine around the world that employs small doses of various medicines to promote auto-regulation and self-healing. It is among the most commonly used alternative approaches in cancer and other diseases and alternative therapeutic systems. It is widely used as palliative and as supportive therapy in cancer patients. Few cases have been reported on patients using homeopathy after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, generally for overcoming side effects. The dose of Homoeopathic medicines and their mechanism of action in cancer has also been documented, while clinical trials on the effects of Homoeopathy in cancer treatment are rare. It is found that the anticancer potential of homeopathic medicines is reported for different cancer types, which show their efficacy through apoptosis and immune system modulation. Homeopathic treatment is an add-on to conventional therapy, with almost no interaction with the conventional drugs due to the small dose, and is largely attributed to improving lives by providing symptomatic relief, increasing survival time and boosting patient immunity. This review explores the accountability of the homeopathic system of medicine by highlighting some of the most commonly used homeopathic drugs for different types of cancers.
Subject(s)
Homeopathy , Neoplasms , Humans , Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been confirmed to be a new coronavirus having 79% and 50% similarity with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. For a better understanding of the features of the new virus SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed a possible correlation between some unique features of the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to pathogenesis. We have also reviewed structural druggable viral and host targets for possible clinical application if any, as cases of reinfection and compromised protection have been noticed due to the emergence of new variants with increased infectivity even after vaccination. We have also discussed the types of vaccines that are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have tried to give a brief overview of the fundamental factors of COVID-19 research like basic virology, virus variants and the newly emerging techniques that can be applied to develop advanced treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 disease.
ABSTRACT
Plant derived natural products have multifaceted beneficial roles in human pathophysiology. Plant secondary metabolites have been used as an adjunct medicine for a long time and ß- Glucogallin is one such pharmaceutically important plant derived natural product. Β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-ß-d-glucopyranose), a plant-derived polyphenolic ester, is regarded as the primary metabolite in the biosynthesis of hydrolyzable tannins. It is majorly found in amla, pomegranate, strawberry etc. Owing to its free radical scavenging properties, ß-glucogallin (BG) is believed to protect against several diseases like diabetes and related complications like retinopathy, glaucoma, inflammation, hepatic damage, skin damage from UV, etc. Several semisynthetic derivatives of ß-Glucogallin are being developed, which have better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters than ß-glucogallin. Studies have shown the prophylactic role of ß-Glucogallin in developing defence mechanisms against the advent and progression of certain diseases. ß- glucogallin formulations have shown a positive effect as a neutraceutical. In this manuscript, we have discussed ß-glucogallin, its natural sources, biosynthetic pathways, its semi-synthetic derivatives, and the plethora of its pharmacological activities like antioxidant-antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, cataract-preventing, anti glaucoma, and UV protectant. We have also highlighted various biological pathways, which are modulated by ß-glucogallin. The manuscript will convey the importance of ß-glucogallin as a compound of natural origin, having multifaceted health benefits.
Subject(s)
Biological Products , Hydrolyzable Tannins , Humans , Hydrolyzable Tannins/pharmacology , Hydrolyzable Tannins/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Esters , Free RadicalsABSTRACT
The discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated Cas endonucleases in bacterial and archaeal species allowed scientists to modify, utilized, and revolutionize this tool for genetic alterations in any species. Especially the type II CRISPR-Cas9 system has been extensively studied and utilized for precise and efficient DNA manipulation in plant and mammalian systems over the past few decades. Further, the discovery of the type V CRISPR-Cas12 (Cpf1) system provides more flexibility and precision in DNA manipulation in prokaryotes, plants, and animals. However, much effort has been made to employ and utilize the above CRISPR tools for RNA manipulation but the ability of Cas9 and Cas12 to cut DNA involves the nuisance of off-target effects on genes and thus may not be employed in all RNA-targeting applications. Therefore, the search for new and diverse Cas effectors which can precisely detect and manipulate the targeted RNA begins and this led to the discovery of a novel RNA targeting class 2, type VI CRISPR-Cas13 system. The CRISPR-Cas13 system consists of single RNA-guided Cas13 effector nucleases that solely target single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in a programmable way without altering the DNA. The Cas13 effectors family comprises four subtypes (a-d) and each subtype has distinctive primary sequence divergence except the two consensuses Higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding domain (HEPN) that includes RNase motifs i.e. R-X4-6-H. These two HEPN domains are solely responsible for executing targetable RNA cleavage activity with high efficiency. Further, recent studies have shown that Cas13d exhibits higher efficiency and specificity in cleaving targeted RNA in the mammalian system compared to other Cas13 endonucleases of the Cas13 enzyme family. In addition to that, Cas13d has shown additional advantages over other Cas13 variants, structurally as well as functionally which makes it a prominent and superlative tool for RNA engineering and editing. Therefore considering the advantages of Cas13d over previously characterized Cas13 subtypes, in this review, we encompass the structural and mechanistic properties of type VI CRISPR-Cas13d systems, an overview of the current reported various applications of Cas13d, and the prospects to improve Cas13d based tools for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
ABSTRACT
Recently published clinical data from COVID-19 patients indicated that statin therapy is associated with a better clinical outcome and a significant reduction in the risk of mortality. In this study by computational analysis, we have aimed to predict the possible mechanism of the statin group of drugs by which they can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Blind docking of the critical structural and functional proteins of SARS-CoV-2 like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, M-protease of 3-CL-Pro, Helicase, and the Spike proteins ( wild type and mutants from different VOCs) were performed using the Schrodinger docking tool. We observed that fluvastatin and pitavastatin showed fair, binding affinities to RNA polymerase and 3-CL-Pro, whereas fluvastatin showed the strongest binding affinity to the helicase. Fluvastatin also showed the highest affinity for the SpikeDelta and a fair docking score for other spike variants. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the formation of a stable drug-protein complex between Fluvastatin and target proteins. Thus our study shows that of all the statins, fluvastatin can bind to multiple target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including the spike-mutant proteins. This property might contribute to the potent antiviral efficacy of this drug.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Fluvastatin/pharmacology , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Recent studies have shed light on the role of epigenetic marks in certain diseases like cancer, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and cardiovascular dysfunction, to name a few. Epigenetic marks like DNA methylation and histone acetylation are randomly altered in the disease state. It has been seen that methylation of DNA and histones can result in down-regulation of gene expression, whereas histone acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation are linked to enhanced expression of genes. How can we precisely target such epigenetic aberrations to prevent the advent of diseases? The answer lies in the amalgamation of the efficient genome editing technique, CRISPR, with certain effector molecules that can alter the status of epigenetic marks as well as employ certain transcriptional activators or repressors. In this review, we have discussed the rationale of epigenetic editing as a therapeutic strategy and how CRISPR-Cas9 technology coupled with epigenetic effector tags can efficiently edit epigenetic targets. In the later part, we have discussed how certain epigenetic effectors are tagged with dCas9 to elicit epigenetic changes in cancer. Increased interest in exploring the epigenetic background of cancer and non-communicable diseases like type II diabetes mellitus and obesity accompanied with technological breakthroughs has made it possible to perform large-scale epigenome studies.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Neoplasms , CRISPR-Cas Systems , DNA Methylation , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Epigenesis, Genetic , Epigenome , Histones/metabolism , Humans , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/therapy , Obesity , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
During the last two decades, yeast has been used as a biological tool to produce various small molecules, biofuels, etc., using an inexpensive bioprocess. The application of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) techniques in yeast genetic and metabolic engineering has made a paradigm shift, particularly with a significant improvement in targeted chromosomal integration using synthetic donor constructs, which was previously a challenge. This study reports the CRISPR-Cas9-based highly efficient strategy for targeted chromosomal integration and in-frame expression of a foreign gene in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) by homology-dependent recombination (HDR); our optimized methods show that CRISPR-Cas9-based chromosomal targeted integration of small constructs at multiple target sites of the yeast genome can be achieved with an efficiency of 74%. Our study also suggests that 15 bp microhomology flanked arms are sufficient for 50% targeted knock-in at minimal knock-in construct concentration. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that there is no off-target effect. This study provides a comprehensive and streamlined protocol that will support the targeted integration of essential genes into the yeast genome for synthetic biology and other industrial purposes.Highlights⢠CRISPR-Cas9 based in-frame expression of foreign protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Homology arm without a promoter.⢠As low as 15 base pairs of microhomology (HDR) are sufficient for targeted integration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.⢠The methodology is highly efficient and very specific as no off-targeted effects were shown by the whole-genome sequence.
Subject(s)
CRISPR-Cas Systems , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Genome , Metabolic Engineering/methods , Homologous Recombination , Gene Editing/methodsABSTRACT
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare populations of malignant cells with stem cell-like features of self-renewal, uninterrupted differentiation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to conventional therapeutic agents, and these cells have a decisive role in treatment failure and tumor relapse. The self-renewal potential of CSCs with atypical activation of developmental signaling pathways involves the maintenance of stemness to support cancer progression. The acquisition of stemness in CSCs has been accomplished through genetic and epigenetic rewiring following the metabolic switch. In this context, "metabostemness" denotes the metabolic parameters that essentially govern the epitranscriptional gene reprogramming mechanism to dedifferentiate tumor cells into CSCs. Several metabolites often referred to as oncometabolites can directly remodel chromatin structure and thereby influence the operation of epitranscriptional circuits. This integrated metaboloepigenetic dimension of CSCs favors the differentiated cells to move in dedifferentiated macrostates. Some metabolic events might perform as early drivers of epitranscriptional reprogramming; however, subsequent metabolic hits may govern the retention of stemness properties in the tumor mass. Interestingly, selective removal of mitochondria through autophagy can promote metabolic plasticity and alter metabolic states during differentiation and dedifferentiation. In this connection, novel metabostemness-specific drugs can be generated as potential cancer therapeutics to target the metaboloepigenetic circuitry to eliminate CSCs.
Subject(s)
Mitophagy , Neoplasms , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Humans , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitophagy/genetics , Neoplasms/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill, and till date, effective treatments and diagnostics against this idiosyncratic pathogen are lacking. As compared to the standard WHO/CDC qPCR detection method, which consumes several hours for detection, CRISPR-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and FELUDA have emerged as rapid diagnostic tools for the detection of the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 within an hour with 100% accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. These attributes of CRISPR-based detection technologies have taken themselves one step ahead of available detection systems and are emerging as an inevitable tool for quick detection of the virus. Further, the discovery of Cas13s nucleases and their orthologs has opened a new corridor for exploitation of Cas13s as an antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. One such approach is Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PACMAN), which needs a long haul to bring into therapy. The approval of SHERLOCK as the first CRISPR-based SARS-CoV-2 test kit by the FDA, for emergency diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, has given positive hope to scientists that sooner human trials of CRISPR-based therapy will be ratified. In this review, we have extensively reviewed the present CRISPR-based approaches, challenges, and future prospects in the light of diagnostics and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. KEY POINTS: ⢠The discovery of Cas12 and Cas13 siblings allowed scientists to detect the viral genes. ⢠Cas13d's identification aided scientists in precisely cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA. ⢠CRISPR-Cas system acts as "molecular detector and antiviral proctor."
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Antiviral Agents , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Humans , RNA, Viral , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Coronavirus spread is an emergency reported globally, and a specific treatment strategy for this significant health issue is not yet identified. COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and needs to be controlled promptly as millions of deaths have been reported. Due to the absence of proficient restorative alternatives and preliminary clinical restrictions, FDA-approved medications can be a decent alternative to deal with the coronavirus malady (COVID-19). The present study aims to meet the imperative necessity of effective COVID-19 drug treatment with a computational multi-target drug repurposing approach. This study focused on screening the FDA-approved drugs derived from the fungal source and its derivatives against the SARS-CoV-2 targets. All the selected drugs showed good binding affinity towards these targets, and out of them, bromocriptine was found to be the best candidate after the screening on the COVID-19 targets. Further, bromocriptine is analyzed by molecular simulation and MM-PBSA study. These studies suggested that bromocriptine can be the best candidate for TMPRSS2, Main protease, and RdRp protein. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00089-8.