Promising approaches of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mediated cancer gene therapy.

RNA interference (RNAi) has extensive potential to revolutionize every aspect of clinical application in biomedical research. One of the promising tools is the Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules within a cellular component. Principally, siRNA mediated innovative advances are increasing rapidly in support of cancer diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Conversely, it has some delivery challenges to the site of action within the cells of a target organ, due to the progress of nucleic acids engineering and advance material science research contributing to the exceptional organ-specific targeted therapy. This siRNA based therapeutic technique definitely favors a unique and effective prospect to cancer patients. Herein, the significant drive also takes to review and summarize the major organ specific targets of diverse siRNAs based gene silencing mechanism. This machinery promisingly served as the inhibitor components for cancer development in the human model. Furthermore, the focus is also given to current applications on siRNA based quantifiable therapy leading to the silencing of cancer related gene expression in a sequence dependent and selective manner for cancer treatment. That might be a potent tool against the traditional chemotherapy techniques. Therefore, the siRNA mediated cancer gene therapy definitely require sharp attention like future weapons in opposition to cancer by the method of non-invasive siRNA delivery and effective gene silencing approaches.

Biologically motivated asymmetric exclusion process: Interplay of congestion in RNA polymerase traffic and slippage of nascent transcript.

We develop a theoretical framework, based on an exclusion process, that is motivated by a biological phenomenon called transcript slippage (TS). In this model a discrete lattice represents a DNA strand while each of the particles that hop on it unidirectionally, from site to site, represents a RNA polymerase (RNAP). While walking like a molecular motor along a DNA track in a step-by-step manner, a RNAP simultaneously synthesizes an RNA chain; in each forward step it elongates the nascent RNA molecule by one unit, using the DNA track also as the template. At some special "slippery" position on the DNA, which we represent as a defect on the lattice, a RNAP can lose its grip on the nascent RNA and the latter's consequent slippage results in a final product that is either longer or shorter than the corresponding DNA template. We develop an exclusion model for RNAP traffic where the kinetics of the system at the defect site captures key features of TS events. We demonstrate the interplay of the crowding of RNAPs and TS. A RNAP has to wait at the defect site for a longer period in more congested RNAP traffic, thereby increasing the likelihood of its suffering a larger number of TS events. The qualitative trends of some of our results for a simple special case of our model are consistent with experimental observations. The general theoretical framework presented here will be useful for guiding future experimental queries and for analysis of the experimental data with more detailed versions of the same model.

Therapeutic applications of zebrafish (Danio rerio) miRNAs linked with human diseases: A prospective review.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the class of small, non-coding RNAs that are produced from precursor transcripts by subsequent processing steps mediated by members of the RNaseIII family, Dicer and Drosha protein within cell. The importance of zebrafish miRNAs in regulation of normal cellular development and support to various kinds of metabolism process. Although the zebrafish model provides a fundamental platform for the study of developmental biology but recent work with zebrafish model has expanded its appliance to a broad range of experimental studies relevant to different kind of human diseases. Presently, the zebrafish model is used for the study of cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder in eyes, psoriasis, spinal cord injury, cancer and diabetes that showing in some selected miRNAs are regulate these diseases in molecular levels. Here, a superior drive performed to depict the fundamental utilization of the zebrafish miRNAs that targeted to several clinical diseases connected to human. This review aims to provide a summary of understanding of the cellular mechanism which is responsible for selected diseases and suggests some therapeutic application for inhibition of miRNA functions.