ABSTRACT
AFG3L2 is a zinc metalloprotease and an ATPase localized in an inner mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial quality control of several nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Mutations in AFG3L2 lead to diseases like slow progressive ataxia, which is a neurological disorder. This review delineates the cellular functions of AFG3L2 and its dysfunction that leads to major clinical outcomes, which include spinocerebellar ataxia type 28, spastic ataxia type 5, and optic atrophy type 12. It summarizes all relevant AFG3L2 mutations associated with the clinical outcomes to understand the detailed mechanisms attributable to its structure-related multifaceted roles in proteostasis and quality control. We face early diagnostic challenges of ataxia and optic neuropathy due to asymptomatic parents and variable clinical manifestations due to heterozygosity/homozygosity of AFG3L2 mutations. This review intends to promote AFG3L2 as a putative prognostic or diagnostic marker. Functions, mutations, and clinical manifestations in AFG3L2, a mitochondrial AAA + ATPases.
ABSTRACT
Background: Mask wearing can restrict the spread of respiratory viral transmission during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, governments have emphasized its use in workplaces and public areas to prevent the transmission routes of corona virus. In spite of the current awareness in the general population, the stringency of wearing the mask lies as an individual's choices. Subject and Methods. This research work discusses available studies on the types and comparison of masks in the market for use. It includes a short survey conducted with 1,173 anonymized healthy participants primarily devoid of comorbidities. The survey includes the effects of mask wearing, while outdoor with minimal activities like walking and with mild activities like jogging and stretching. Our research further discusses various health effects of wearing a mask, including cardiac output, hypoxemia, hypoxia, and dyspnoea, and how such situations that pose a threat can be consciously avoided. Results: It was found that the majority of people use cloth/fabric reusable mask. There remains scope for better-designed masks and improving health in the mass population by inculcating healthy breathing habits and other relevant exercises that can help people cope up better in this fight against the deadly virus at a larger scale. Conclusion: For most of the survey questions, there was significant correlation between gender and the related responses as there was no significantly observable difference in the nonparametric, unpaired analyses of responses. The main objective of this research work is to initiate more discussions and enhance awareness in natural ways of staying healthy during the pandemic emphasizing mask use. Further progress in this aspect remains a whole new area for future exploration.
