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2.
Am J Chin Med ; 44(5): 981-95, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27430916

ABSTRACT

In North America, a high proportion of pregnant women use herbal medications including North American ginseng. This medicinal plant contains high amounts of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides), which are the main bioactive compounds. It is important to assess ginseng's impact on all reproductive functions to ensure the safety of pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we defined the concentration-responsive effects of North American alcoholic and aqueous ginseng extracts on preimplantation development in vitro and on pregnancy and post-partum development in the mouse. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured with 5 different concentrations of whole ginseng root extracts, or ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1 and Re alone, a combinatorial ginsenoside solution and a crude polysaccharide fraction solution. Embryonic development and recovery from each treatment was assessed. To investigate the in vivo effects of ginseng extracts, female mice were gavaged with 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day, 500[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day or 2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day of either extract (treatment) or water (sham) for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Gestation period, litter size, pup growth and pup sex ratio were evaluated. Oral ginseng consumption did not significantly affect fertility or pregnancy in the mouse. High doses of ginseng (2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day) decreased maternal weight gain. Direct treatment of preimplantation embryos in vitro demonstrated that ALC and AQ extract treatment reduced development in a concentration responsive manner, while only ALC extract effects were largely reversible. Treatments with individual or combinatorial ginsenosides, or the polysaccharide fraction solution alone did not impair preimplantation development, in vitro. In conclusion, maternal oral consumption of ginseng has little negative impact on pregnancy in the mouse, however, direct exposure to ginseng extract during mouse preimplantation development in vitro is detrimental.


Subject(s)
Embryo Implantation/drug effects , Panax/chemistry , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Pregnancy/drug effects , Pregnancy/physiology , Animals , Female , Ginsenosides/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Mice
3.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can ; 25(10): 858-60, 2003 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14532955

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cervical pregnancy is a rare condition that can become life-threatening if heavy bleeding occurs. CASE: Grace (pseudonym) is a 32-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital at approximately 6 weeks' gestational age after several days of heavy bleeding. Ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of cervical pregnancy. She received multiple doses of methotrexate with folinic acid rescue, and did not require surgical intervention. Nine months after the resolution of the cervical pregnancy, Grace again became pregnant. She had an uncomplicated gestation and a normal vaginal delivery of a healthy baby at term. CONCLUSION: Multiple-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue was a safe option for the medical treatment of ectopic cervical pregnancy in this case. Long-term toxicity studies and case reports are required to provide more information regarding safety and for clinicians to individualize treatment regimens.


Subject(s)
Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal/therapeutic use , Leucovorin/therapeutic use , Methotrexate/therapeutic use , Pregnancy, Ectopic/drug therapy , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Ectopic/complications , Safety , Treatment Outcome , Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology
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