Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/complications , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Lithium Compounds/adverse effects , Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/diagnosis , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/etiology , Aged , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Dopamine Agents/adverse effects , Dopamine Agents/therapeutic use , Fatal Outcome , Female , HumansABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Several studies have investigated the prevalence of sleep disorders in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and have shown that up to 54% of patients may have significantly more sleep problems than the general population. To our knowledge, however, no data are available about the quality of sleep of the primary caregivers of patients with MS. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the current cross-sectional study were to assess the quality of sleep in Greek primary caregivers of patients with MS and to investigate its relationship with the degree of caregivers' emotional distress. METHODS: Twenty-two male and 13 female primary caregivers (mean age 47.3±12.4 years) of an equal number of patients with MS, who consented to participate, completed the validated Greek version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the validated Greek version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Thirty-five age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls were used for comparisons. RESULTS: Caregivers experienced a higher degree of anxiety than depression. The mean score in the seven-item HADS-A subscale was 9.5±4 (range 3-15) and the mean score in the seven-item HADS-D subscale was 7.1±3.1 (range 2-14). The mean scores of caregivers on both HADS-A and HADS-D were significantly higher than those of controls (P<0.001). The PSQI scoring demonstrated that 19 (54.3%) caregivers had poor sleep quality (cut-off value of >5). The mean values of caregivers for the PSQI were 6.0±2.8 (range 2-12) compared with controls, who scored at a significantly lower level (1.5±0.8; P<0.001). Poor quality of sleep was significantly correlated with increased levels of anxiety (r=0.392; P=0.02) and depression (r=0.424; P=0.01). Among the PSQI components, the sleep duration and sleep latency were mostly influenced by the degree of emotional distress. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of primary caregivers of MS patients experience poor sleep quality. The degree of their emotional distress appears to significantly influence their quality of sleep. Appropriate psychopharmacological interventions may be required for those individuals.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Caregivers/psychology , Depression/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Greece , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/psychology , Sleep Wake Disorders/psychology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The first objective of the current observational study was to assess the degree of religiosity in Greek Christian Orthodox primary caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The second objective was to evaluate the interrelations between religiosity and quality of life (QOL) and to identify the determinants of QOL, an endpoint of considerable importance in clinical research and practice. Twenty-two male and 13 female primary caregivers (mean age 47.3 ± 12.4 years) of an equal number of patients with MS, who consented to participate, completed the Systems of the Greek version of the Belief Inventory (SBI-15R) and the Greek validated version of EuroQOL (EQ-5D). The analysis revealed high scores on religiosity, especially among females. Caregivers scored in the religious beliefs and practices subscale of SBI-15R with a mean score of 22.8 ± 7.8 (range 0-30) and with 7.1 ± 4.8 (range 0-14) in the social support subscale. However, both of the SBI-15R domains were almost unrelated to the degree of overall QOL. There was only a reliable (but with little clinical value) association between the pain/discomfort domain of the EQ-5D with the SBI-15R beliefs and practices subscale (r = -0.38, p = 0.03). Although high levels of religiosity among Greek Christian Orthodox primary caregivers of MS patients were evident, this study did not demonstrate any beneficial effect of religious beliefs and practices on their QOL. Further prospective studies with a population with the same and/or diverse religious and cultural backgrounds are needed to better elucidate the complex association between religiosity and QOL in primary caregivers of MS patients.
