Epidemiology, patterns of care and prognosis of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: A multicenter study in Argentina (The EPIRA study).

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in the intensive care unit (ICU). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), epidemiological information about this condition is still scarce. Our main objective was to characterize its epidemiology, prognosis, and its treatment. METHODS: This multicenter prospective cohort study included 1466 patients from 35 ICUs during 6 months in Argentina in 2018. Risk factors and outcomes in patients with and without AKI, and between AKI on admission (AKIadm) and that developed during hospitalization (AKIhosp) were analyzed. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 61.3% of patients (900/1466); 72.6% were AKIadm and 27.3% AKIhosp. Risk factors were age, BMI, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, SOFA, APACHE II, dehydration, sepsis, vasopressor use, radiocontrast, diuresis/h and mechanical ventilation. Independent predictors for AKI were sepsis, diabetes, dehydration, vasopressors on admission, APACHE II and radiocontrast use. Renal replacement therapies (RRT) requirement in AKI patients was 14.8%. Hospital mortality in AKI vs. non-AKI was 38.7% and 23.3% (p < 0.001); and in AKIadm vs. AKIhosp, 41.2% and 37.8% (p = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: ICU-acquired AKI has high incidence, complications and mortality. Risk factors for AKI and RRT utilization were similar to those described in other epidemiological studies. AKIadm was more frequent than AKIhosp, but had equal prognosis.

Ventilatory Parameters in Obstetric Patients With COVID-19 and Impact of Delivery: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Current evidence on obstetric patients requiring advanced ventilatory support and impact of delivery on ventilatory parameters is retrospective, scarce, and controversial. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the ventilatory parameters for obstetric patients with COVID-19 and how does delivery impact them? What are the risk factors for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and for maternal, fetal, and neonatal mortality? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, cohort study including pregnant and postpartum patients with COVID-19 requiring advanced ventilatory support in the ICU. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients were admitted to 21 ICUs at 29.2 ± 4.9 weeks; 63 patients (69%) delivered in ICU. Maximal ventilatory support was as follows: IMV, 69 patients (76%); high-flow nasal cannula, 20 patients (22%); and noninvasive mechanical ventilation, 2 patients (2%). Sequential Organ Failure Assessment during the first 24 h (SOFA24) score was the only risk factor for IMV (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.29-2.99; P = .001). Respiratory parameters at IMV onset for pregnant patients were: mean ± SD plateau pressure (PP), 24.3 ± 4.5 cm H2O; mean ± SD driving pressure (DP), 12.5 ± 3.3 cm H2O; median static compliance (SC), 31 mL/cm H2O (interquartile range [IQR], 26-40 mL/cm H2O); and median Pao2 to Fio2 ratio, 142 (IQR, 110-176). Respiratory parameters before (< 2 h) and after (≤ 2 h and 24 h) delivery were, respectively: mean ± SD PP, 25.6 ± 6.6 cm H2O, 24 ± 6.7 cm H2O, and 24.6 ± 5.2 cm H2O (P = .59); mean ± SD DP, 13.6 ± 4.2 cm H2O, 12.9 ± 3.9 cm H2O, and 13 ± 4.4 cm H2O (P = .69); median SC, 28 mL/cm H2O (IQR, 22.5-39 mL/cm H2O), 30 mL/cm H2O (IQR, 24.5-44 mL/cm H2O), and 30 mL/cm H2O (IQR, 24.5-44 mL/cm H2O; P = .058); and Pao2 to Fio2 ratio, 134 (IQR, 100-230), 168 (IQR, 136-185), and 192 (IQR, 132-232.5; P = .022). Reasons for induced delivery were as follows: maternal, 43 of 71 patients (60.5%); maternal and fetal, 21 of 71 patients (29.5%); and fetal, 7 of 71 patients (9.9%). Fourteen patients (22.2%) continued pregnancy after ICU discharge. Risk factors for maternal mortality were BMI (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.006-1.204; P = .037) and comorbidities (OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.212-14.20; P = .023). Risk factors for fetal or neonatal mortality were gestational age at delivery (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.86; P = .002) and SOFA24 score (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.13-2.08; P = .006). INTERPRETATION: Contrary to expectations, pregnant patient lung mechanics were similar to those of the general population with COVID-19 in the ICU. Delivery was induced mainly for maternal reasons, but did not change ventilatory parameters other than Pao2 to Fio2 ratio. SOFA24 score was the only risk factor for IMV. Maternal mortality was associated independently with BMI and comorbidities. Risk factors for fetal and neonatal mortality were SOFA24 score and gestational age at delivery.

Fluidos no período pós-operatório: efeitos da falta de ajuste ao peso corpóreo / Líquidos en el período postoperatorio: efectos de la falta de ajuste al peso corporal / Fluids in the postoperative period: effects of lack of adjustment to body weight

OBJETIVO: Comparar as diferenças no equilíbrio hídrico e eletrolítico em pacientes com baixo e alto peso corpóreo no primeiro dia pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Em um período de 18 meses avaliamos prospectivamente 150 pacientes durante as primeiras 24 horas após cirurgia, na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes com baixo (<60 kg) e alto peso corpóreo (>90 kg) foram comparados em termos de fornecimento e eliminação de fluidos. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significantes em termos de volume (4,334 ± 1,097 em versus 4,644 ± 1,957 mL/24 horas) e composição dos fluidos administrados (481 ± 187 versus 586 ± 288 mEq [Na+]administrados em 24 horas). O débito urinário em 24 horas foi similar (2,474 ± 1,597 versus 2,208 ± 678 mL/24 horas), porém o grupo com baixo peso teve uma maior eliminação de eletrólitos (296 ± 195 versus 192 ± 117 mEq [Na+]urina/24 horas, p=0.0246). Quando os fluidos administrados foram ajustados ao peso corpóreo, o volume e quantidade de eletrólitos dos fluidos administrados foram maiores no grupo com baixo peso (79 ± 21 versus 47 ± 22 mL/ kg/24 horas, p<0.0001 e 8,8 ± 3,4 versus 5,8 ± 3,3 mEq [Na+]administrado/kg/24 horas, p=0,017, respectivamente). Este grupo também demonstrou maior débito urinário e eliminação de eletrólitos (45 ± 28 versus 22 ± 7 mL/kg/24 horas; p=0,0002 e 5.3 ± 3.5 vs. 1.8 ± 1.2 mEq [Na+]urina/ kg/24 horas; p<0,0001, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: A falta de ajuste da terapia hídrica ao peso corpóreo determinou que os pacientes com peso baixo recebessem mais líquidos do que os pacientes com peso elevado, de acordo com o peso corpóreo. A sobrecarga hídrica poderia ser compensada pelo aumento do débito urinário e eliminação de eletrólitos.

OBJETIVO: Comparar las diferencias en el equilibrio de líquidos y electrolitos en los pacientes con bajo y alto peso en el primer día postoperatorio. MÉTODOS: Durante un período de 18 meses, evaluamos prospectivamente 150 pacientes, en las primeras 24 horas después de la cirugía, en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital escuela afiliado auna universidad. Se compararon pacientes con bajo (< 60 kg) y alto peso corporal (> 90 Kg) en términos de ingesta y excreción urinariade agua y electrolitos. RESULTADOS: No se observaron diferencias significativas en el volumen (4,334 ± 1,097 vs. 4,644 ± 1,957 ml/24 hs.) y la composición de los líquidos administrados (481 ± 187 vs. 586 ± 288 mEq [Na +]administrado/24 hs). El volumen de La diuresis en24 horas fue similar (2,474 ± 1,597 vs 2208 ± 678 ml/24 hs.), pero el grupo de bajo peso mostró una mayor eliminación de electrolitos (296 ± 195 vs. 192 ± 117 mEq [Na +]orina/ 24 hs., p = 0,0246). Cuando los líquidos administrados fueron ajustados por peso corporal, el volumen y cantidad de electrolitos fueron mayores en el grupo de bajo peso (79 ± 21 vs. 47 ± 22 ml/kg/24h, p <0,0001 y 8,8 ± 3,4 vs. 5,8 ± 3,3 mEq [Na +]administrado/kg/24 hs., p = 0,017, respectivamente). Este grupo también mostró mayores producción de orina y eliminación de electrolitos (45 ± 28 vs. 22 ± 7 ml/kg/24 hs., p = 0,0002 y 5,3 ± 3,5 frente a 1,8 ± 1,2 mEq [Na+]orina/kg/24 hs., p <0,0001, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La falta de ajuste de la terapia con fluidos al peso corporal determinó que los pacientes de bajo peso recibieran más líquidos que los pacientes de alto peso, de acuerdo a su peso corporal. Esta sobrecarga de líquidos pudo ser compensada por el aumento de la diuresis y la eliminación de electrolitos.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in fluid and electrolyte balance in patients with low and high weight in the first postoperative day. METHODS: Over a period of 18 months, we prospectively evaluated 150 patients in the first 24 hours after surgery, in a university-affiliated hospital intensive care unit. Patients with low weight (< 60 kg) and high body weight (> 90 Kg) were compared in terms of fluid intake and output. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the volume (4334 ± 1097 vs. 4644 ± 1957 ml/24 h) and composition of the fluids administered (481 ± 187 vs. 586 ± 288 mEq [Na+]administered/24 h). The 24 h urine output was similar (2474 ± 1597 vs.2208 ± 678 ml/24 h) but low weight group showed higher electrolyte elimination (296 ± 195 vs.192 ± 117 mEq [Na+]urine /24 h, p = 0.0246). When the administered fluids were adjusted for body weight, the volume and amount of electrolytes of fluids administered were higher in the low weight group (79 ± 21 vs. 47 ± 22 ml/kg/24 h, p < 0.0001 and 8.8 ± 3.4 vs. 5.8 ± 3.3 mEq [Na+]administered/kg/24 h, p = 0.017, respectively). This group also showed higher urine output and electrolyte elimination (45 ± 28 vs. 22 ± 7 ml/kg/24 h, p = 0.0002 and 5.3 ± 3.5 vs. 1.8 ± 1.2 mEq [Na+]urine/kg/24 h, p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of adjustment of the fluid therapy to body weight determined that low weight patients received more fluid than high weight patients according to their body weight. This fluid overload could be compensated by increased urine output and electrolyte elimination.

Fluids in the postoperative period: effects of lack of adjustment to body weight. / Fluidos no período pós-operatório: efeitos da falta de ajuste ao peso corpóreo.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in fluid and electrolyte balance in patients with low and high weight in the first postoperative day. METHODS: Over a period of 18 months, we prospectively evaluated 150 patients in the first 24 hours after surgery, in a university-affiliated hospital intensive care unit. Patients with low weight (< 60 kg) and high body weight (> 90 Kg) were compared in terms of fluid intake and output. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the volume (4334 ± 1097 vs. 4644 ± 1957 ml/24 h) and composition of the fluids administered (481 ± 187 vs. 586 ± 288 mEq [Na+]administered/24 h). The 24 h urine output was similar (2474 ± 1597 vs.2208 ± 678 ml/24 h) but low weight group showed higher electrolyte elimination (296 ± 195 vs.192 ± 117 mEq [Na+]urine /24 h, p = 0.0246). When the administered fluids were adjusted for body weight, the volume and amount of electrolytes of fluids administered were higher in the low weight group (79 ± 21 vs. 47 ± 22 ml/kg/24 h, p < 0.0001 and 8.8 ± 3.4 vs. 5.8 ± 3.3 mEq [Na+]administered/kg/24 h, p = 0.017, respectively). This group also showed higher urine output and electrolyte elimination (45 ± 28 vs. 22 ± 7 ml/kg/24 h, p = 0.0002 and 5.3 ± 3.5 vs. 1.8 ± 1.2 mEq [Na+]urine/kg/24 h, p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of adjustment of the fluid therapy to body weight determined that low weight patients received more fluid than high weight patients according to their body weight. This fluid overload could be compensated by increased urine output and electrolyte elimination.