ABSTRACT
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are master regulators of the transcriptional response to low oxygen and play essential roles in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow localize to a hypoxic niche and that HIF-1α promotes HSC adaptation to stress. Because the related factor HIF-2α is also expressed in HSCs, the combined role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HSC maintenance is unclear. To this end, we have conditionally deleted the HIF-α dimerization partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) in the hematopoietic system to ablate activity of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α and assessed the functional consequence of ARNT deficiency on fetal liver and adult hematopoiesis. We determined that ARNT is essential for adult and fetal HSC viability and homeostasis. Importantly, conditional knockout of both Hif-1α and Hif-2α phenocopied key aspects of these HSC phenotypes, demonstrating that the impact of Arnt deletion is primarily HIF dependent. ARNT-deficient long-term HSCs underwent apoptosis, potentially because of reduced B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression. Our results suggest that HIF activity may regulate HSC homeostasis through these prosurvival factors.
Subject(s)
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/metabolism , Hematopoiesis/physiology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Survival , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) accumulate in both neoplastic and inflammatory cells within the tumor microenvironment and impact the progression of a variety of diseases, including colorectal cancer. Pharmacological HIF inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. We show here that acriflavine (ACF), a naturally occurring compound known to repress HIF transcriptional activity, halts the progression of an autochthonous model of established colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) in immunocompetent mice. ACF treatment resulted in decreased tumor number, size and advancement (based on histopathological scoring) of CAC. Moreover, ACF treatment corresponded with decreased macrophage infiltration and vascularity in colorectal tumors. Importantly, ACF treatment inhibited the hypoxic induction of M-CSFR, as well as the expression of the angiogenic factor (vascular endothelial growth factor), a canonical HIF target, with little to no impact on the Nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in bone marrow-derived macrophages. These effects probably explain the observed in vivo phenotypes. Finally, an allograft tumor model further confirmed that ACF treatment inhibits tumor growth through HIF-dependent mechanisms. These results suggest pharmacological HIF inhibition in multiple cell types, including epithelial and innate immune cells, significantly limits tumor growth and progression.
Subject(s)
Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics , Acriflavine/administration & dosage , Acriflavine/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/genetics , Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Macrophages/pathology , Mice , Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy , Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Tumor Burden/drug effects , Tumor Burden/genetics , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Solid tumors exhibit heterogeneous microenvironments, often characterized by limiting concentrations of oxygen (O2), glucose, and other nutrients. How oncogenic mutations alter stress response pathways, metabolism, and cell survival in the face of these challenges is incompletely understood. Here we report that constitutive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity renders hypoxic cells dependent on exogenous desaturated lipids, as levels of de novo synthesized unsaturated fatty acids are reduced under low O2. Specifically, we demonstrate that hypoxic Tsc2(-/-) (tuberous sclerosis complex 2(-/-)) cells deprived of serum lipids exhibit a magnified unfolded protein response (UPR) but fail to appropriately expand their endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to inositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1)-dependent cell death that can be reversed by the addition of unsaturated lipids. UPR activation and apoptosis were also detected in Tsc2-deficient kidney tumors. Importantly, we observed this phenotype in multiple human cancer cell lines and suggest that cells committed to unregulated growth within ischemic tumor microenvironments are unable to balance lipid and protein synthesis due to a critical limitation in desaturated lipids.
