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1.
J Anim Sci ; 76(3): 796-807, 1998 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9535340

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stage of the reproductive cycle and age on Ca and P metabolism and bone integrity of sows. Five-day balance studies were conducted with first- and fifth-parity sows, and sows were slaughtered during the last trimester of gestation, at the end of lactation, or during the last trimester of the subsequent gestation. First-parity sows were studied during their first gestation (n = 11), first lactation (n = 10), or second gestation (n = 10). Fifth-parity sows were examined during their fifth gestation (n = 10), fifth lactation (n = 9), or sixth gestation (n = 9). All sows were fed 1.9 kg/d of a common diet (.76% Ca and .63% P) during gestation and were allowed ad libitum access to the same diet during lactation. Digestibilities of Ca and P were much greater during lactation than during gestation. During gestation, young sows absorbed and retained more Ca and P than did mature sows. However, during lactation, mature sows consumed more feed, and therefore Ca and P, and retained more Ca and P than did young sows. Bones of mature sows were larger, more mineralized, and stronger than the bones of young sows. Bone weight and strength decreased during lactation and increased during the subsequent gestation. Changes in weight and strength were greater in young sows than in mature sows.


Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Bone and Bones/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Lactation/physiology , Phosphates/metabolism , Pregnancy, Animal/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Swine/physiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Birth Weight , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Digestion , Female , Litter Size , Milk/metabolism , Parity , Pregnancy , Tensile Strength
2.
J Anim Sci ; 72(10): 2681-9, 1994 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7883627

ABSTRACT

Two experiments were conducted with pigs 1) to determine the effect of supplemental Zn on growth performance, bone Zn, and plasma Zn in pigs fed Zn-unsupplemented, corn-soybean meal diets and 2) to assess bioavailability of Zn from inorganic and organic Zn sources. In both experiments, weanling pigs were fed a diet with no supplemental Zn for 5 wk to deplete their Zn stores. In Exp. 1, 192 pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet (growing diet, 32 mg/kg of Zn; finishing diet, 27 mg/kg of Zn) supplemented with feed-grade ZnSO4.H2O to provide 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg of supplemental Zn. Supplemental Zn did not affect weight gain, feed intake, or gain/feed during either the growing or the finishing period (P > .05). However, bone and plasma Zn concentrations increased linearly (P < .01) in response to supplemental Zn at dietary Zn levels between 27 mg/kg (basal) and 47 mg/kg (breakpoint). In Exp. 2, three levels of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4.H2O (0, 7.5, and 15 mg/kg of supplemental Zn) were used to construct a standard curve (metacarpal, coccygeal vertebrae, and plasma Zn concentrations regressed on supplemental Zn intake; R2 = .93, .89, and .82, respectively). From the standard curve, the bone and plasma Zn concentrations obtained from pigs fed 15 mg/kg of supplemental Zn from ZnO and 7.5 mg/kg of supplemental Zn from Zn-methionine (ZnMET) and Zn-lysine (ZnLYS) were used to calculate bioavailable Zn via multiple linear regression, slope-ratio analysis. The estimates of Zn bioavailability differed depending on which variable was used. Overall trends indicated the following rankings: ZnSO4.H2O > ZnMet > ZnO > ZnLys.


Subject(s)
Swine/metabolism , Zinc/pharmacokinetics , Animal Feed , Animals , Biological Availability , Coccyx/metabolism , Female , Food, Fortified , Lysine/pharmacokinetics , Male , Metacarpus/metabolism , Methionine/analogs & derivatives , Methionine/pharmacokinetics , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Random Allocation , Regression Analysis , Glycine max , Sulfates/pharmacokinetics , Swine/growth & development , Zea mays , Zinc/administration & dosage , Zinc/blood , Zinc Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Zinc Oxide/pharmacokinetics , Zinc Sulfate
3.
J Anim Sci ; 72(2): 387-94, 1994 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8157523

ABSTRACT

To investigate the relationship between feeding level during gestation and voluntary feed intake, feeding behavior, and plasma metabolite levels during lactation, 18 crossbred, primiparous sows were assigned to two dietary treatments. From d 60 of gestation until farrowing, sows were fed either a standard level of feed (SL; 1.85 kg/d) or were allowed ad libitum (AL) access to feed. During a 28-d lactation all sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed. Eight SL and seven AL sows completed the experiment. Feed intake was measured daily during the final 40 d of gestation and throughout lactation. On d 105 of gestation and d 1, 7, 14, and 21 of lactation, feeding behavior was observed and blood samples were collected via indwelling catheters. Plasma was analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, glucose, and alpha-amino N. During gestation AL sows ate more feed than did SL sows. This increased intake was balanced by reduced feed intake during lactation, when AL sows ate less than SL sows (P < .001). The AL sows gained more weight during gestation (P < .001) and lost more weight during lactation (P < .005) than did the SL sows. Feed intake and weight change during gestation and lactation combined were not different between treatments (P = .85). During lactation, the AL sows ate fewer meals (P < .05) of a similar size than did the SL sows. During lactation, the area under the curve formed by plasma NEFA concentration was greater (P = .06) and that for insulin was less (P < .01) in AL than in SL sows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Subject(s)
Eating/physiology , Lactation/blood , Postpartum Period/physiology , Pregnancy, Animal/physiology , Swine/physiology , Animals , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Weight , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Feeding Behavior , Female , Insulin/blood , Lactation/physiology , Nitrogen/blood , Pregnancy , Random Allocation
4.
J Anim Sci ; 67(1): 157-67, 1989 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2925539

ABSTRACT

A total of 159 primiparous sows were fed 0 (C) or 675 mg/d of thyroprotein (TP) from d -2 until d 14 postweaning. Sows received 8 (LE) or 14 (HE) Mcal of ME/d during a 28-d lactation period. Plasma levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraidothyronine (T4) were determined for d -4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 postweaning. Sows consuming LE lost more weight and backfat during lactation (P less than .01) than HE sows. Litters of sows consuming LE gained less weight than litters of sows consuming HE (P less than .01). Thyroprotein increased plasma levels of both T3 and T4 (P less than .01), whereas energy intake had no effect (P greater than .10) on either of the two hormones. The response to thyroid hormone was not consistent across days postweaning (TP x day, P less than .01). Feeding TP increased T4 (P less than .01) on all days, and T3 was increased (P less than .05) on d 0, 2 and 3 postweaning. Thyroid hormones rose markedly following weaning regardless of TP level. Percentage of sows in estrus by d 7 postweaning for LE-C, LE-TP, HE-C and HE-TP were 80, 78, 92 and 90, respectively. Energy restriction during lactation resulted in fewer sows returning to estrus by d 7 (P less than .03) than those fed HE. However, feeding TP postweaning had no effect on return to estrus, suggesting that the effect of dietary energy restriction during lactation on the interval from weaning to first estrus is not mediated through postweaning thyroid hormone concentrations.


Subject(s)
Estrus/drug effects , Postpartum Period/drug effects , Pregnancy, Animal/drug effects , Swine/physiology , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Animals , Energy Metabolism , Female , Lactation/metabolism , Parity , Pregnancy , Thyroxine/administration & dosage , Thyroxine/blood , Triiodothyronine/blood , Weaning
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