Sexual Health in Spanish People with Intellectual Disability: the Impact of the Lockdown due to COVID-19.

Introduction: The lockdown due to COVID-19 affected the sexual health of the people with intellectual disabilities by differentially modifying the frequency and characteristics of people's sexual activity depending on whether or not they lived with a partner during this period. The aim of this study was to analyze the extent to which the sexual behavior of people with intellectual disabilities (with and without a partner) was affected during the lockdown. Methods: The sample consisted of 73 people with intellectual disabilities between 21 and 63 years old (M = 39.63; SD = 10.11). The variables analyzed were the physical, social, and technological environment during the lockdown, sexual appetite, sexual behavior, online sexual activity, and sexual abuse. The data were collected between the months of May and June of 2020. Results: The lockdown increased the sexual appetite of a third of the sample (38%), especially the youngest participants. Sexual activity focused on autoeroticism and online behavior, particularly sending nude images of oneself (88%) and viewing pornography (83.6%). Rates of sexual abuse during this period were relatively high (6.8%). Conclusions: The sexual activity of people with ID was important during the lockdown, and they had to adapt to the circumstances of isolation in a similar way to the general population. Technological improvements in terms of devices and connection quality at home allowed their sexual behavior to be reoriented, opening the door to new risks for the sexual health of people with ID. Policy Implications: Cybersex and the increase in sexual abuse due to confinement are aspects that should be included in programs to improve the sexual health of this group.

Factors Associated with Condom Use in Anal Intercourse Among Spanish Men Who Have Sex with Men: Proposal for an Explanatory Model.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for more than half of the new HIV diagnoses in Spain. This study aims to carry out a descriptive analysis of the sexual practices and frequency of condom use of MSM and identify the variables that explain inconsistent condom use during anal intercourse. The sample consists of 405 men between 18 and 60 years of age (M = 28.94; SD = 9.35). The results indicate that the percentage of consistent condom use is 72.9% for anal intercourse. Lack of risk perception, high self-esteem, and greater sensation-seeking are risk factors for risky sexual behavior. In contrast, high levels of sexual assertiveness and self-efficacy are protective factors. The proposed model explains between 33.8 and 49.2% of the variance. These findings highlight the importance of designing and implementing condom promotion programs for MSM who engage in anal intercourse with specific sections that consider the acquisition of assertive skills and reduce the risks associated with a perceived invulnerability to HIV.

RESUMEN: Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) constituyen más de la mitad de los nuevos diagnósticos por VIH en España. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis descriptivo de las prácticas sexuales y la frecuencia de uso del preservativo en HSH e identificar las variables explicativas del uso inconsistente del preservativo en el coito anal. La muestra está formada por 405 hombres con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años (M = 28.94; DT = 9.35). Los resultados indican que el porcentaje de uso sistemático del preservativo es del 72.9% en el coito anal. La ausencia de percepción de riesgo, un elevado nivel de autoestima y una mayor búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales constituyen factores de riesgo para la conducta sexual de riesgo. Por el contrario, altos niveles de asertividad sexual y de autoeficacia son factores de protección. El modelo propuesto explica entre el 33.8% y el 49.2% de la varianza. Estos hallazgos determinan la importancia de diseñar e implementar programas de promoción del uso del preservativo para HSH que practican coito anal con secciones específicas que consideren la adquisición de habilidades asertivas y reduzcan los riesgos asociados a la sensación de invulnerabilidad frente al VIH.

Cybersex Addiction: A Study on Spanish College Students.

The aim of this study was to determine the type and frequency of online sexual practices among Spanish college students, the prevalence of risk and pathological cybersex use profiles, and the correlates/predictors of this behavior. Participants were 1,557 males and females between 18 and 25 years old. Results showed that cybersex use is not as frequent as that documented in other Western countries. However, a significant percentage of participants with a risky (8.6%) or pathological (1.7% in men and 0.1% in women) profile was identified. Finally, we found a set of variables that, in interaction with gender, explains 58% of the variance for cybersex addiction scores.

Gender, Sexuality, and Relationships in Young Hispanic People.

This study explores the relation between gender differences and sexuality among young Hispanic people. Eight hundred and forty young people from Spain and Mexico filled out a self-administered questionnaire about sexuality (sexual experience, sexual orientation, and sexual relationships) and gender (self-identification). Men in both Spain and Mexico more commonly report the practice of masturbation and vaginal sex, and are more likely to be unfaithful than women. Women in both countries report more steady partners and longer length of relationships. There were greater gender differences for Mexican men and women than for Spanish men and women in terms of sexual frequency, sexual orientation, and infidelity. Therefore, gender may play an important role in young people's sexuality, more so in Mexico than in Spain.

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Sensation Seeking: A Preliminary Approach Among Male Sex Workers Compared to Gay Men in Spain.

This study aims to explore sexual compulsivity (SC) and sexual sensation seeking (SSS) in male sex workers (MSWs) compared to a group of non-MSW gay men. A total of 60 MSWs and 63 gay men answered the SC Scale and the SSS Scale. The total scales' mean score was slightly higher in the MSW population. Still, statistical differences were observed in only two SSS items. In spite of the absence of statistical significance, MSWs presented more sexual behavior interferences on their lives and higher failure to control sexual impulses. Future interventions among MSWs should focus on sexual self-control and impulsivity.

[Behavioral disorders prevalence in pediatrics primary care: region of Valencia, Spain, 2009]. / Alteraciones del comportamiento. Prevalencia en las consultas de pediatría de atención primaria: Comunidad Valenciana, 2009.

BACKGROUND: Childhood and adolescence mental health needs a proper monitoring. The aim is to estimate behavioral disorders prevalence in paediatric primary care in the Region of Valencia (Spain) and to describe its distribution according to sex, age and impact areas. METHODS: Cross-sectional research. Region of Valencia's Health Surveillance Network observed along 2009 the behavioral disorders in patients primary health care between 3 and 14 years old. Prevalence and confidence intervals at 95% were calculated. Chi-square test (p<0,05) was calculated to explore the differences in behavioral disorders according to sex, age and impact areas. RESULTS: Total cases notified were 626. Out of participants 70% were boys. The estimate overall prevalence for the population between 3-14 years old was 351 per 10.000 (IC95%: 330-372), 491(IC95%:456-525) in boys and 202 (IC95%:179-226) in girls. Hyperactivity was the highest prevalence (85 per 10.000, CI: 74-95). The 7-10 age grup years old had the highest prevalence (428 per 10.000, IC95%:367-489). The impact in the family was 69,4% in boys and 65,9% in girls (p<0,5). CONCLUSIONS: The Behavioral Disorders prevalence found in paediatrics patients in primary care was important, showed different epidemiologic profile as function of age and sex, and proved the family was the principal impact area.

Alteraciones del comportamiento. Prevalencia en las consultas de pediatría de atención primaria. Comunidad Valenciana, 2009 / Behavioral disorders prevalence in pediatrics primary care. Region of Valencia, Spain, 2009

Fundamentos: La salud mental de la infancia y la adolescencia requiere una monitorización adecuada. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la prevalencia de las alteraciones del comportamiento (AC) atendidas en pediatría de atención primaria en la Comunitat Valenciana (CV) y describir su distribución en función del sexo, la edad y sus áreas de impacto. Métodos: Estudio transversal. La Red Centinela Sanitaria de la CV (34 pediatras) vigiló durante 2009 las AC en sujetos de entre 3 y 14 años, con una cobertura del 4% de la población de referencia. Se calcularon las prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se estudiaron las diferencias en las AC en función del sexo, edad y áreas de impacto mediante chi2, con una p<0,05. Resultados: Se notificaron 626 casos, el 70% fueron niños. La estimación de la prevalencia total de AC para la población valenciana de 3-14 años fue de 351 por 10.000 (IC95%:330-372), 491(IC95%:456-525) en niños y 202(IC95%:179-226) en niñas. El grupo de edad entre los 7- 10 años alcanzó la mayor prevalencia (428 por 10.000) (IC95%:367- 489). La hiperactividad presentó la mayor prevalencia (85 por 10.000, IC:74-95). El impacto en la familia fue 69,4% en niños y 65,9% en niñas (p< 0,5). Conclusiones: Las AC atendidas en pediatría de atención primaria en la CV presentaron una prevalencia importante, con un perfil epidemiológico diferenciado por edad y sexo, siendo la familia el principal entorno sobre el que se observó su impacto(AU)

Background: Childhood and adolescence mental health needs a propermonitoring. The aimis to estimate behavioral disorders prevalence in paediatric primary care in the Region of Valencia (Spain) and to describe its distribution according to sex, age and impact areas. Methods: Cross-sectional research. Region of Valencia’s Health Surveillance Network observed along 2009 the behavioral disorders in patients primary health care between 3 and 14 years old. Prevalence and confidence intervals at 95% were calculated. Chi-square test (p<0,05) was calculated to explore the differences in behavioral disorders according to sex, age and impact areas. Results: Total cases notified were 626. Out of participants 70% were boys. The estimate overall prevalence for the population between 3-14 years old was 351 per 10.000 (IC95%: 330-372), 491(IC95%:456- 525) in boys and 202 (IC95%:179-226) in girls. Hyperactivity was the highest prevalence (85 per 10.000, CI: 74-95). The 7-10 age grup years old had the highest prevalence (428 per 10.000, IC95%:367-489). The impact in the family was 69,4% in boys and 65,9% in girls (p<0,5). Conclusions: The Behavioral Disorders prevalence found in paediatrics patients in primary care was important, showed different epidemiologic profile as function of age and sex, and proved the family was the principal impact area(AU)

Afrontamiento de la muerte en familiares de pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos: valoración diferencial en función de variables sociodemográficas / Confronting death in families of patients admitted to Intensive Care Units: differential assessment using sociodemographic variables

Objetivo: analizar qué aspectos son más importantes en el afrontamiento de la muerte según los familiares de pacientes de unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), considerando la influencia de distintas variables sociodemográficas (sexo, edad, estado civil y nivel de estudios).Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con familiares de pacientes ingresados en la UCI del Hospital General de Castellón (de octubre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009). De las 53 entrevistas iniciales, el 26% de los sujetos no cumplía los criterios de inclusión para participar en el estudio, quedando la muestra final compuesta por 39 familiares que voluntariamente contestaron el cuestionario de ayuda a morir en paz. Resultados: Los aspectos que más ayudarían a los familiares llegado el momento de la muerte serían sentirse cerca, comunicarse y estrechar vínculos afectivos con las personas queridas (63,2%) y pensar que los médicos puedan controlar el dolor/síntomas (..) (AU)

Objective: To analyze the main factors that could help to face one’s own death from relatives of ICU patients perspective, taking into account the influence of sociodemographic variables (gender, age, marital status and educational level).Material and method: a descriptive study was carried out with family members of patients admitted to the ICU in the General Hospital (Castellón, Spain) (October 2008- December 2009). From 53 initial interviews, 26% of subjects were excluded of the study, so the total sample was made up of 39 relatives who voluntarily answered the Helping to Die in Peace Questionnaire. Results: The most relevant factors that could help relatives at the time of death would be to be close, to communicate and to strengthen bonds with loved ones (63.2%) and to receive adequate pain/symptom management (52.6%). In these assessments were found statistically significant differences by gender and educational level. According to gender, women prioritize the meaning of life (P=.012) and that their deaths do not (..) (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento de evaluación de la adicción al cibersexo / Psychometric properties of an instrument for assessing cyber-sex addiction

La adicción al cibersexo constituye una «nueva patología» cuya prevalencia ha aumentado con rapidez en los últimos años, por lo que se precisa de instrumentos de evaluación validados. En este trabajo presentamos la adaptación y validación para su administración en población española del Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST). El instrumento fue administrado a 1.239 estudiantes universitarios españoles. Los resultados muestran cinco componentes que explican el 47,5% de la varianza. La consistencia interna es de 0,88 y la estabilidad temporal de 0,84. Por otro lado, el instrumento presenta una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante, mostrando la puntuación total una correlación positiva significativa con otros comportamientos como el consumo de material pornográfico, la adicción a Internet, el número de horas online y la frecuencia sexual. Por todo ello se propone este instrumento como medida apropiada para la evaluación de la adicción al cibersexo (AU)

Cyber-sex addiction is a «new pathology» whose prevalence has grown rapidly in recent years. Therefore, it is important to have validated assessment instruments. The aim of this study was the adaptation and validation of the Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST) for its use in a Spanish population. The instrument was administered to 1239 Spanish college students. The results yielded five components that account for 47.5% of the variance. Internal consistency was .88 and temporal stability was .84. Moreover, the instrument had adequate convergent and discriminant validity and was related to other behaviors such as the use of pornography, internet addiction, number of hours online and sexual frequency. Therefore, this tool is proposed as an appropriate measure to assess cyber-sex addiction(AU)