Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

The first instar nymphs, both male and female, of the giant stick insect Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 were carefully described and measured, revealing a remarkable sexual dimorphism that is considered rare among insects and is poorly explored in the order Phasmida. The studied F1 nymphs originated in captivity from eggs laid by a coupled female specimen collected in the Atlantic Forest in the vicinity of Petrópolis city, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The first instar nymphs of C. phyllinus were measured and illustrated in high-resolution photographs to show the general aspects and details of sexually dimorphic traits, making clear the phenotypic differences in the sexes. A total of 100 nymphs were kept alive until morphological sexual dimorphism was confirmed and quantified. All recently hatched first instar nymphs were separated based on the presumed male and female characteristics, i.e., the presence and absence of the suture in the metanotum in the males and females, respectively, had their sexes confirmed in 100% of the specimens as previously assigned. These results confirm this new morphological trait, which here is named "alar suture" as sex-specific in the first instar nymphs, a novelty in this stage of development of sexual differentiation. In addition, the distinct conformations of the last three abdominal sternites of both sexes were recorded.

A new species of Kodormus Barber, with a redescription of the genus, taxonomic notes, and a key to the species of the genus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Stenopodainae).

Kodormusdavidmartinsisp. nov. is described. Taxonomic notes on the other species of Kodormus Barber, 1930, including the description of their male genitalia, are provided. The record of Kodormusbruneosus Barber, 1930 from Brazil and information about the female of the species are presented for the first time. A redescription of Kodormus and a key for its species are provided. Photographs of the holotypes of K.barberi (Costa Lima, 1941), K.bruneosus, and of a paratype of K.oscurus Maldonado & Bérenger, 1996 are presented.

A new genus and a new species of wasp-mimicking Harpactorini (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae), with an updated key to the Neotropical genera.

Quasigraptocleptesmaracristinaegen. nov., sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Harpactorini) is described based on male and female specimens from Brazil. Photographs and comments about the syntypes of Myocorisnigriceps Burmeister, 1835, Myocorisnugax Stål, 1872, Myocoristipuliformis Burmeister, 1838 and Xystonyttusichneumoneus (Fabricius, 1803) are presented. The intra-specific variability and sexual dimorphic characteristics among specimens of Q.maracristinaesp. nov. are recorded. General characteristics of Hiranetis Spinola, 1837, Graptocleptes Stål, 1866, Quasigraptocleptesgen. nov. and Parahiranetis Gil-Santana, 2015, which seem to be closer genera, are compared, including those of the male genitalia of some species. A key to the species of Myocoris Burmeister, 1835, and an updated key to Neotropical wasp-mimicking Harpactorini genera are provided.

A new species of Racelda Signoret, with taxonomical notes and a key to the males of the genus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Ectrichodiinae, Ectrichodiini).

Raceldaottoi Oliveira & Gil-Santana, sp. nov., belonging to the tribe Ectrichodiini in the subfamily Ectrichodiinae, is described based on males from northeastern Brazil. Photographs of the male types of Raceldaalternans Signoret, 1863, R.moerens Breddin, 1898, and R.spurca (Stål, 1860) are presented. A summary of and notes on the taxonomic history of the genus and a key to males are provided.

A new species of Chryxus Champion, with taxonomic notes on other species of the genus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Chryxinae).

Chryxusgarcetebarretti sp. nov. from Paraguay is described, taxonomical notes on C.bahianus Gil-Santana, Costa & Marques, 2007 and C.tomentosus Champion, 1899 are provided; the latter species is recorded from French Guiana for the first time; a redescription of the genus Chryxus Champion, 1899 and an updated key for the genera and species of Chryxinae are presented.

Panstrongylusnoireaui, a remarkable new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Bolivia.

Panstrongylusnoireaui sp. nov. from Bolivia is described based on male and female specimens. Although morphologically almost indistinguishable from Panstrongylusrufotuberculatus (Champion, 1899), the new species shows remarkable chromosome and molecular features, which are very distinctive among all others Panstrongylus species. The new species is also separated by some characteristics of the processes of the endosoma of the male genitalia. An updated key for species of Panstrongylus is provided.

Transfer of Westermannia difficilis Dohrn to the genus Polauchenia McAtee & Malloch (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae, Emesini).

Based on the examination of its lectotype (here designated), Westermannia difficilis Dohrn, 1860 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae, Emesini), currently included in Dohrnemesa Wygodzinsky, 1945, is transferred to the genus Polauchenia McAtee & Malloch, 1925 with the resulting new combination: Polauchenia difficilis (Dohrn, 1860), comb. nov. An updated key to the species of Polauchenia is provided.

The correct pronunciation of the generic name Aedes, to which Aedes aegypti belongs.

Aedes aegypti is currently the mosquito with major impact on public health in Brazil and a proven vector of several emerging arboviruses. By consequence, its name is frequently being spoken by lay people of the media and general public, as well as by researchers in this country both in general media and academic events. However, the generic name Aedes, contrary to its etymological origin and worldwide correct pronunciation ("A-e-des"), has been frequently mispronounced as "Edes" on many occasions by media spokespersons and by researchers and lay people in Brazil. However, based on historical and linguistic evidence, it is confirmed here that the correct historical pronunciation (A-e-des) must be maintained and observed in Brazil as it is enunciated all over the World.

Two new species of emRhiginia/em Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the "emcruciata/em-group" of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae).

Taxonomical and morphological notes on the species in the "cruciata-group" of Rhiginia Stål, 1859 (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Ectrichodiinae, Ectrichodiini) are provided. Photographs of the type specimens of R. bimaculata Breddin, 1914, R. cinctiventris (Stål, 1872), R. crucifera (Stål, 1872), and R. crudelis Stål, 1862 are presented. Rhiginia lourdesae sp. nov. and Rhiginia nicholsae sp. nov. are described based on male specimens from Mexico and considered as members of the "cruciata-group". We also provide an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae that includes the genus Tribelocodia Weirauch, 2010 to reflect recent taxonomic changes to the classification of the subfamily.

Biological, ecological, morphological and cytogenetic analyses, with taxonomic notes of emZelurus/em emochripennis/em (Stål, 1854) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Reduviinae).

Based on specimens of Zelurus ochripennis (Stål, 1854) collected in the entrance zone of a small terrestrial cave, some biological, ecological, morphological and cytogenetic data, as well, as the general morphology of their nymphs are presented for the first time. A short taxonomic summary of the species is also provided.

A revalidation and new synonymies among some species of emBrontostoma/em Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae).

Based on the examination of types and additional specimens, the following new synonymies and revalidation are proposed in the genus Brontostoma Kirkaldy, 1904 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae): Brontostoma discus (Burmeister, 1835) = Brontostoma nanus Carpintero, 1980, syn. nov.; and Brontostoma haematodes (Blanchard, 1846), sp. reval. = Brontostoma discus nigricans Carpintero, 1980, syn. nov. The previous synonym of Brontostoma venusta (Walker, 1873) with B. discus is confirmed. Brontostoma discus is recorded from French Guiana for the first time. Brontostoma cicheroi Carpintero, 1980 is very similar to B. discus, but because its holotype was not available for study no taxonomic conclusion could be achieved.

New synonymies among species of Brontostoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae).

The presence of the same general structure and vestiture, an overall similarity in coloration with merely a few minor differences, a broad range of intraspecific variation with several intermediate color varieties forms, and the similar structure of the male genitalia in three Neotropical species of Brontostoma Kirkaldy, 1904 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae) led to the hypothesis that all of them represent a single species, resulting in the following newly proposed subjective synonymies: B. basalis (Stål, 1859) = B. sanguinosum (Stål, 1872), syn. nov. = B. pallitarsis (Walker, 1873), syn. nov. The male genitalia of another nominal species, B. infensum Wygodzinsky, 1951, showed a set of differences which are judged to sufficiently support the recognition of it as a separate species. Intraspecific morphological and color variations of B. basalis are documented and discussed, and this species is recorded from French Guiana for the first time.

A new genus and a new species of Ectrichodiinae from French Guiana and an updated key to the genera of the New World (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).

Amazopothea guilberti gen. nov. et sp. nov. belonging to the subfamily Ectrichodiinae is described based on male and female specimens from French Guiana. An updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae is provided.

A new species of Pothea, with new records and taxonomic notes on other species of the genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae).

Pothea carpinteroi sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae) is described based on two male specimens from Mexico. Pothea aeneonitens Stål, 1864 and P. lugens (Fabricius, 1803) are recorded from French Guiana for the first time. Taxonomical notes on these latter two species and P. haematogaster Breddin, 1903 and P. sanguiniventris Miller, 1956 are also presented. A lectotype is designated for P. lugens. Pothea centralis Walker, 1873, treated as a junior synonym of P. lugens by previous authors, is regarded as a potentially valid species. Color variation in the sternites of males and females of P. frontalis (Lepeletier Serville, 1825) are recorded for the first time. Photographs of the type specimens of P. aeneonitens, P. bivittata Champion, 1899, P. centralis, P. frontalis, P. haematogaster, P. halffteri Carpintero, 1980, P. lugens, P. maculata Champion, 1899, P. reyesi Carpintero, 1980, P. sanguiniventris and P. venatrix Hussey, 1953, are presented.

Quasitagalis afonsoi, a new genus and a new species of Saicinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) inhabiting a cave in Brazil, with an updated key to the genera of Saicinae of the New World.

Quasitagalis afonsoi gen. et sp. nov. of Saicinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) is described based on a male and three female specimens collected in a cave in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. Additionally, some characteristics from two nymphs of different instars of the same species are also recorded. An updated key to the New World genera of Saicinae is provided.

Aedes aegypti Invades Trindade Island, 1,140 km from the Brazilian Coast, in the South Atlantic.

Herein we report the first recorded arrival of Aedes aegypti on Trindade Island, approximately 1,140 km from the Brazilian coast, posing potential health risks to the human inhabitants thereof. The collection of mosquitoes was done from August to October 2019 via an active search for adults, eggs, and larvae by surveying objects with accumulated water and implantation of 23 ovitraps in different regions of the island. As a result, we collected 33 adults of Ae. aegypti via active search inside buildings. A total of 433 eggs of Ae. aegypti were also obtained from the ovitraps, all of which subsequently reached the adult stage. No other species of Culicidae was found.

Brontostoma lilloi Carpintero, 1980, a junior synonym of B. rubrovenosum (Stål, 1860) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae).

There are 22 genera and more than 100 described species of Ectrichodiinae in the New World (Gil-Santana et al. 2015). Intraspecific variation in coloration and body size have been recorded in several species of the subfamily. These characteristics can occur in the same population or can suggest geographic variation of the same species (Wygodzinsky 1951, Dougherty 1995, Gil-Santana Baena 2009, Gil-Santana et al. 2013). Sexual dimorphism is also common: females are almost always more or less larger than males, frequently have thicker fore femora and smaller eyes and ocelli (Dougherty 1995).

New records, taxonomic notes, and the description of a new species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Ecuador.

Sinchocoris giupponii sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae) is described. An updated key to the species of Sinchocoris Dougherty, 1995 is presented. Photographs of the type specimens of Sinchocoris colombiensis Dougherty, 1995, S. panamensis Dougherty, 1995, Rhiginia bimaculata Breddin, 1914 and Rhiginia conspersa Breddin, 1901 (Ectrichodiinae) are presented, with short taxonomical notes on all of them. Montina lobata Stål, 1859, Montina sinuosa (Lepeletier Serville, 1825) and Zelus lewisi Zhang Hart, 2016 (Harpactorinae, Harpactorini) are recorded from Ecuador for the first time.

Transfer of the assassin bug Helonotus pallidulus Walker to the genus Heza Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Harpactorini).

Based on examination of its holotype, Helonotus pallidulus Walker, 1873 is transferred to the genus Heza Amyot & Serville, 1843 with the resulting new combination: Heza pallidula (Walker, 1873), comb. nov. (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Harpactorini). A comparison with the similar Heza ventralis Stål,1872 is provided.

Corrigenda to Gil-Santana, H.R. 2018. A new species of Phasmatocoris from French Guiana, with short taxonomic notes on two described species and an updated key (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae). Zootaxa 4413 (3): 491-506.

An intraspecific variation of the male genitalia of Phasmatocoris papei Gil-Santana, 2018 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini), i.e., the absence (holotype) / presence (paratype) of the sclerotization of approximately basal two thirds of the ventral wall of phallosoma, reported by Gil-Santana (2018), was found to be incorrect. A subsequent reexamination of the specimens revealed that the misjudgement was based on a breakage of this structure in the phallus of the holotype. In fact, the ventral wall of phallosoma was completely sclerotized at its basal two-thirds in both specimens and should be considered as a species level character of Ph. papei.