Efficacy of low-dose dopamine in preventing amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in bone marrow transplant patients and leukemia patients.

This study evaluated the efficacy of low-dose dopamine for prevention of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity in autologous bone marrow transplant and leukemia patients. Seventy-one patients undergoing cytoreductive therapy who required amphotericin B were randomly assigned in an unblinded fashion to a group receiving continuous-infusion low-dose dopamine (3 microgram/kg/min) or a group receiving no dopamine. Amphotericin B was dosed at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/day based on computerized tomography scan results or presence of positive blood cultures. No patient received saline boluses. The rate of nephrotoxicity, severity as graded by Southwest Oncology Group toxicity criteria, and time to each grade of nephrotoxicity were compared between the two groups. Eighty percent of the no-dopamine group and 66.7% of the dopamine group developed nephrotoxicity, defined as a 1.5-fold or greater increase in baseline serum creatinine level (P = 0.20). No statistical difference was noted at any grade of nephrotoxicity between the two groups. Thirty-four percent of patients in the no-dopamine group versus 17.6% in the dopamine group had a 2.5-fold or greater increase in serum creatinine level, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.0888). Ten patients developed grade IV nephrotoxicity and were withdrawn from the study, 7 in the no-dopamine group and 3 in the dopamine group (P = 0.19). The time to each grade of nephrotoxicity was also not significantly different for the two groups. Eleven adverse drug reactions were reported in the dopamine group in comparison to one in the no-dopamine group. Thus, dopamine offers little in the way of prevention of nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B therapy. Although the significance of drug reactions in the dopamine group is not clearly established due to lack of cardiac monitoring in the no-dopamine group, dopamine therapy is not without complications.

Cytokine therapy after bone marrow transplantation.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) have an important yet controversial role in the care of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Numerous studies have documented acceleration of neutrophil recovery by the agents. Because of the differences and lack of published clinical outcomes and of direct comparisons of the two CSFs, coupled with limited data from phase III trials, it is difficult to draw conclusions from the literature on the use of the agents after BMT. Issues that must be critically evaluated are toxicity profile, dose, initiation and duration of administration, route of administration, and cost.

Association of busulfan area under the curve with veno-occlusive disease following BMT.

Busulfan pharmacokinetics, specifically area under the concentration curve (AUC), have been correlated with the occurrence of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) following BMT. To evaluate the risk of VOD, we studied 66 patients who received pharmacotherapeutically monitored busulfan regimens in combination with CY, etoposide (VP16) and/or Ara-C in preparation for BMT. These patients received a total of 16 doses of busulfan dosed as 1 mg/kg/dose q 6 h beginning at 09.00 (n = 39), 18.00 (n = 2), 21.00 (n = 1) or 24.00 (n = 24) h. With the first dose, blood samples were obtained at baseline, every 15-30 min for 2 h, then every 1-2 h for 4 h. Blood was analyzed for busulfan concentration by high performance liquid chromatography and AUC calculated by the trapezoidal rule. Seventeen patients (25.8%) were not evaluable for AUC calculation due to slow absorption and/or elimination: 13 of 27 (48.1%) received the first dose between 18.00-24.00 vs four of 39 (10.2%) patients who received the first dose at 09.00 (P < 0.001). Eighteen of 51 (35.3%) evaluable patients had an AUC > 1500 mumol x min/l; 10 of whom received doses reduced proportionally to achieve an AUC = 1200 mumol x min/l starting with the 10th to 15th dose. Six of 18 (33.3%) patients with an initial AUC > 1500 mumol x min/l developed VOD vs one of 33 (3.0%) patients with an initial AUC < 1500 mumol x min/l (relative risk = 11.1; P = 0.0056). Other pharmacokinetic parameters, age, gender, type of BMT, previous therapy or pre-transplant liver function tests were not predictive of VOD. A higher incidence of VOD occurred in patients receiving BUCY (4 of 10) compared to those receiving BUCYAra-C (1 of 18) or BUCYVP16 (7 of 38), which could not be attributed to increased busulfan exposure in the BUCY patients. Routine pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of busulfan is recommended with further study to evaluate the impact of earlier and greater overall dose reduction in patients with high initial busulfan exposures.

Randomized trial of loperamide versus dose escalation of octreotide acetate for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in bone marrow transplant and leukemia patients.

This study compares maximal daily doses of loperamide to escalating doses of continuous intravenous (CI) octreotide acetate in bone marrow transplant (BMT) and leukemia patients. Following chemotherapy, BMT and leukemia patients who developed > or = 600 ml of stool volume in a 24-hr period were randomized to receive loperamide 4 mg po q6h or octreotide 150 micrograms mixed in hyperalimentation solution or normal saline and administered CI. Patients were assessed at 48 hr intervals for decrease in stool volume from baseline. Complete response (CR) was defined as > or = 50% from baseline stool volume (BSV). Patients receiving octreotide who did not achieve a CR at 48 hr were dose escalated by doubling the dose to a maximum of 2,400 micrograms with evaluations at 48 hr intervals. Patients receiving loperamide who did not achieve a CR at 48 hr had treatment discontinued. A total of 36 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these, all were evaluable for intention to treat, and 31 were evaluable for initial response. Based on intent to treat at the initial 48 hr, patients receiving loperamide had a higher complete response rate (86% vs. 45%, P = 0.033) than did those who received octreotide. By treatment analysis (patients who actually received the drug), patients receiving loperamide had a higher complete response rate (92% vs. 56%, P = 0.0448) than did those who received octreotide at the 150 micrograms dosage level. Additional octreotide patients eventually achieved a CR at a higher dosage level (78%). Loperamide at maximal doses of 4 mg po q6h is more effective than octreotide 150 micrograms CI in treating diarrhea following chemotherapy in BMT and leukemia patients. Higher doses of octreotide may be required in a significant number of patients not responding to lower doses.

A subchronic, teratologic, and dominant lethal study of 2-methylresorcinol in rats. I. Subchronic toxicity.

2-methylresorcinol (2-MR) was administered to groups of 40 male and 35 female Sprague-Dawley rats by admixture with diets at levels of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.5% for periods up to 6 months. Methemoglobin levels were determined after 6 weeks. After 90 days 10 animals/sex/group were killed for clinical pathological and histopathologic determinations. The 25 remaining females and 20 males per group were utilized in teratology and dominant lethal studies presented in Part II (T.A. Re, R.F. Loehr, S.C. Rodriguez, D. E. Rodwell, C.M. Burnett, 1986, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7, 293-298). Ten additional males were killed after 6 months of exposure for additional clinical pathologic determinations and gross pathologic observations. The 20 males/group used in the dominant lethal study (Part II) were also killed after 6 months to serve as a comparison recovery group (gross examination of organs). Feeding 2-MR at a level of 1.5% in the diet was associated with a significant reduction in body weight gains. Females fed at a level of 0.4% also weighed significantly less than the control. No pathological effects were noted after either 90 or 180 days of feeding.

Correlation between gross observations of tumors and neoplasms diagnosed microscopically in carcinogenesis bioassays in rats.

Microscopic diagnoses of spontaneous and induced neoplasms in F344 rats in two carcinogenesis bioassays were correlated with the gross observations made at the time of necropsy. The results for a negative and a positive compound with reference to carcinogenicity, indicate that of the gross descriptions indicative of tumors, 37 percent and 24 percent respectively, were not diagnosed as neoplasms microscopically. However, some of the gross lesions were diagnosed histologically as nonneoplastic lesions. Of the neoplasms diagnosed microscopically only 70 percent and 76 percent, respectively, were observed grossly. Endocrine tissues, liver and lung had the lowest correlation rates. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline.

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old males rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of action of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.

Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline.

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old male rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of actions of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.

An unusual case of feline leukemia and an associated syncytium-forming virus.

A 3-year-old female Siamese cat was admitted to a local animal hospital with a history of recent extreme lethargy and anorexia. A hemorrhagic tumor was removed from an area of oral buccal skin and diagnosed histopathologically as lymphosarcoma. Rapid physical deterioration occurred, and the cat became moribund 2 weeks after surgical operation. Necropsy revealed at least 200 spherical hemorrhagic neoplastic nodules attached to the omentum, mesentery, and peritoneum. Examination of histopathologic sections confirmed the striking characteristics of an extremely vascular and highly invasive malignant lymphoma, which was designated feline tumor No. 01 (FeT-01). There was no evidence of peripheral blood leukemia. Electron microscopic examination of tumor tissue revealed numerous viral particles having characteristics common to both feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV). Primary cells and cultures propagated from tumor tissue were found to be negative or weakly positive for group-specific (gs) antigen by radioimmunoassay but strongly positive when assayed by indirect immunofluorescence. Co-cultivation of cells from tumor tissue, with normal prescreened feline embryo cells, revealed the presence of numerous FeSFV-like viral particles in the absence of C-type virus. A FeSFV was isolated from these passaged cells, with characteristics similar to FeSFV isolates previously described in the literature. The apparent presence of FeSFV in lymphosarcomatous tissue and the apparent absence of FeLV C-type particles in passaged cells indicate the need to make a more intensive study of the FeSFV group of viruses and the possible etiologic relationship to feline malignancies.