Attitudes towards change mediate the effect of dissociation on psychopathological outcome in the treatment of eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine whether dissociation and attitudes towards change were associated with the psychopathology in patients with eating disorders (EDs) at 1-year follow-up. METHOD: The study included 110 females with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (48 and 62 respectively). At the beginning of the study and 1 year later, they were assessed by means of the following questionnaires: Dissociative Experiences Scale, Attitudes Towards Change (ACTA), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Eating Attitude Test, Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between both diagnostic groups regarding dissociation scores. The ACTA at baseline, specifically for patients in the contemplation stage, mediate the effect of dissociation on the psychopathological outcome. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that dissociation might be a transdiagnostic feature related to the EDs outcome. The psychotherapeutic framework must take it into account, particularly in patients in the contemplation stage.

Influencias genéticas y ambientales en rasgos psicológicos y actitudes alimentarias en una población escolar española / Genetic and environmental influences on psychological traits and eating attitudes in a sample of Spanish schoolchildren

Introducción. La heredabilidad de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, como la anorexia nerviosa y la bulimia nerviosa, se ha estimado alrededor del 22% al 62%. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la influencia de los factores genéticos y ambientales que contribuyen en la expresión de los factores psicológicos medidos a través del Eating Disorders Inventory, en función del sexo, en adolescentes de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Material y métodos. Quinientas ochenta y cuatro parejas de gemelos de 13 a 18 años de edad. Para determinar la cigosidad los profesores rellenaron un cuestionario de similitud física. Se aplicaron las subescalas del Eating Disorders Inventory, impulso a la delgadez, insatisfacción corporal, perfeccionismo e ineficacia. Se ha realizado una modelización de las mismas para establecer los componentes genéticos y ambientales (comunes y específicos) de su varianza. Resultados. En las niñas las 4 variables mostraron un componente de heredabilidad, del 37,7% para la ineficacia, del 42,8% para el perfeccionismo, del 56,9% para el impulso a la delgadez y del 65,5% para la insatisfacción corporal. En los niños se descarta una influencia genética para la insatisfacción corporal, que aparece influenciada exclusivamente por factores ambientales. El resto de variables mostraron un componente heredable, pero en menor medida que en las niñas. Conclusiones. A excepción de la IC en niños, las actitudes y comportamientos alimentarios muestran un patrón parcialmente heredable, que varía en función del sexo (AU)

Introduction. The heritability of eating disorders has been estimated to range from 22% to over 62%.The aim of this study is to determine the relative influence of genetics and environment that contribute to the drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism, and ineffectiveness, by evaluating sex differences in a sample of adolescent twins from Valencia, Spain. Material and methods. Five hundred eighty-four pairs of adolescent twins between 13 and 18 years of age completed the study. To determine zygosity, teachers responded to a questionnaire on physical similarity. Psychological traits of eating disorders were assessed with four sub-scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI); drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism, and ineffectiveness. Twin models were used to assess genetic and environmental (common and unique) factors affecting these four psychological traits. Results. All four traits showed significant genetic contributions among girls, with heritability estimates of 37.7% for ineffectiveness, 42.8% for perfectionism, 56.9% for drive for thinness, and 65.5% for body dissatisfaction. Among boys, body dissatisfaction showed no additive genetic contributions, indicating significant shared and individual specific environment effects. The three other traits in boys showed significant additive genetic contributions, but were lower than in girls. Conclusions. With the exception of body dissatisfaction in boys, psychological traits of eating disorders show heritability patterns that differ according to sex (AU)

Genetic and environmental influences on psychological traits and eating attitudes in a sample of Spanish schoolchildren. / Influencias genéticas y ambientales en rasgos psicológicos y actitudes alimentarias en una población escolar española.

INTRODUCTION: The heritability of eating disorders has been estimated to range from 22% to over 62%.The aim of this study is to determine the relative influence of genetics and environment that contribute to the drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism, and ineffectiveness, by evaluating sex differences in a sample of adolescent twins from Valencia, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five hundred eighty-four pairs of adolescent twins between 13 and 18 years of age completed the study. To determine zygosity, teachers responded to a questionnaire on physical similarity. Psychological traits of eating disorders were assessed with four sub-scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI); drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism, and ineffectiveness. Twin models were used to assess genetic and environmental (common and unique) factors affecting these four psychological traits. RESULTS: All four traits showed significant genetic contributions among girls, with heritability estimates of 37.7% for ineffectiveness, 42.8% for perfectionism, 56.9% for drive for thinness, and 65.5% for body dissatisfaction. Among boys, body dissatisfaction showed no additive genetic contributions, indicating significant shared and individual specific environment effects. The three other traits in boys showed significant additive genetic contributions, but were lower than in girls. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of body dissatisfaction in boys, psychological traits of eating disorders show heritability patterns that differ according to sex.

Genetic and environmental contributions to perfectionism and its common factors.

UNLABELLED: The aims of this study: (1) To evaluate the relative contributions of genetics and environment to perfectionism and it's two constructs: self-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism. (2) To clarify genetic and environmental common origins of both personal and social components. METHODS: Participants were 258 pairs of adolescent Spanish twins. Socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism were assessed using the perfectionism subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. STATISTICS: univariate and bivariate twin models, according to sex. Results; Heritability of self-oriented perfectionism was 23% in boys and 30% in girls, and of socially prescribed perfectionism 39% in boys and 42% in girls. Bivariate analysis suggested a common genetic and environmental pathway model. The genetic correlation between both perfectionisms was 0.981 in boys and 0.704 in girls. The non-shared environmental correlation was 0.254 in boys and 0.259 in girls. Conclusions; genetic influences on perfectionism are moderate during adolescence. Our results point toward a shared genetic component underlying both kind of perfectionism. These findings generate doubts about the hypothesis of a leading role of genetics in the pathogenesis of Self-oriented perfectionism and of environment in socially prescribed. The high genetic correlation seems to indicate that self-oriented and socially prescribed are the same dimension of perfectionism.

Influencias genéticas y ambientales sobre el índice de masa corporal en una población española adolescente gemelar / Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index in a Spanish adolescent twin sample

Fundamento y objetivo: Los estudios familiares y gemelares han demostrado que los factores genéticos son responsables del 47-90% de la variancia interindividual del índice de masa corporal (IMC). El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar los factores genéticos y ambientales que contribuyen a las diferencias en el IMC, y en función del sexo, en una muestra gemelar de escolares de la Comunidad Valenciana. Material y método: Quinientas ochenta y cuatro parejas de gemelos de 13 a 18 años de edad completaron el estudio: 82 parejas monocigóticas (MC) y 87 dicigóticas (DC) varones, 118 (MC) y 102 (DC) mujeres, y 195 parejas (DC) de sexo opuesto. Para determinar la cigosidad, los profesores rellenaron un cuestionario de similitud física y pesaron y tallaron a los participantes. Se calculó el IMC y se estableció el estado nutricional según la edad. Se llevó a cabo una modelización del IMC que permitió establecer los componentes genéticos y ambientales (comunes y específicos) de su variancia. Resultados: Se observó un 7,1% de sobrepeso y un 2,8% de obesidad. La heredabilidad del IMC se estimó en un 88% en niños y en un 72,1% en niñas. Los factores ambientales específicos explicaron el resto de la variancia del IMC (en niños el 12% y en niñas el 8,8%). Solo en las niñas apareció una contribución de los factores ambientales comunes. Conclusiones: La influencia genética sobre el IMC es intensa durante la adolescencia, con ligeras variaciones en función del sexo, siendo solo las niñas vulnerables a las influencias ambientales comunes (AU)

Background and objective: Twin and family studies support large genetic influences on variability in body mass index (BMI), with heritability estimates ranging from 47% to over 90%. Our objective was to study the relative contributions of genetics and environment to BMI, evaluating sex differences, in an adolescent twin sample from Valencia, Spain. Material and methods: Five hundred eighty-four pairs of adolescent twins between 13 and 18 years of age completed the study (82 monozygotic [MZ] and 87 dizygotic [DZ] pairs of male twins, 118 MZ and 102 DZ pairs of female twins, and 195 opposite-sex pairs of DZ twins). To determine zygosity, teachers responded a questionnaire on physical similarity. They also measured the participant's height and weight. BMI was calculated and weight status was determined according to age. We used twin models to assess genetic and environmental (common and unique) factors affecting BMI. Results: There was a 7.1% frequency of overweight and 2.8% of obesity. The estimated heritability of BMI was 88.0% in boys and 72.1% in girls, with the remaining variance attributable to non-shared environment in boys (12.0%) and 8.8% in girls. It was only in girls that common environment had an effect on BMI. Conclusions: Genetics appears to play an important role in explaining the variability in BMI in the adolescence, with slight variations between boys and girls. Common environmental factors exert their influence on BMI only in girls (AU)

[Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index in a Spanish adolescent twin sample]. / Influencias genéticas y ambientales sobre el índice de masa corporal en una población española adolescente gemelar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Twin and family studies support large genetic influences on variability in body mass index (BMI), with heritability estimates ranging from 47% to over 90%. Our objective was to study the relative contributions of genetics and environment to BMI, evaluating sex differences, in an adolescent twin sample from Valencia, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five hundred eighty-four pairs of adolescent twins between 13 and 18 years of age completed the study (82 monozygotic [MZ] and 87 dizygotic [DZ] pairs of male twins, 118 MZ and 102 DZ pairs of female twins, and 195 opposite-sex pairs of DZ twins). To determine zygosity, teachers responded a questionnaire on physical similarity. They also measured the participant's height and weight. BMI was calculated and weight status was determined according to age. We used twin models to assess genetic and environmental (common and unique) factors affecting BMI. RESULTS: There was a 7.1% frequency of overweight and 2.8% of obesity. The estimated heritability of BMI was 88.0% in boys and 72.1% in girls, with the remaining variance attributable to non-shared environment in boys (12.0%) and 8.8% in girls. It was only in girls that common environment had an effect on BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Genetics appears to play an important role in explaining the variability in BMI in the adolescence, with slight variations between boys and girls. Common environmental factors exert their influence on BMI only in girls.

Prevalencia y comorbilidad del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada en una muestra española de escolares adolescentes / Prevalence and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder in a sample of spanish adolescent schoolchildren

Los datos epidemiológicos del Trastorno Ansiedad Generalizada (TAG) son relativamente escasos en niños y adolescentes. Este estudio pretende determinar la prevalencia y comorbilidad del TAG en una muestra de adolescentes escolares de la provincia de Valencia. La población evaluada, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años (14.04 ± 1.22), procedía de centros con Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria. Diseño transversal, empleando una entrevista diagnóstica (K-SADS) llevada a cabo por profesionales de salud mental, en una única intervención. La muestra definitiva, 962 participantes, presentaba una prevalencia global del TAG del 3% (2,4% varones; 3,7% mujeres). La prevalencia era máxima, para ambos grupos, a los 14 años de edad. El 58% de los participantes con TAG presentaban, al menos, otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico siendo el más frecuente el de otro trastorno de ansiedad (48,3%). Los niveles de prevalencia y comorbilidad obtenidos, en ausencia de datos previos en nuestro entorno, son similares a los descritos en otros medios; por ello, su detección precoz permitiría una intervención temprana

The epidemiological data on Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are relatively scant in children and adolescents. This study attempts to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of GAD in a sample of adolescent schoolchildren from the province of Valencia. The study population, aged from 12 to16 years(14.04 ± 1.22), came from a series of secondary schools. The study has a crossover design, using a diagnostic interview (K-SADS) conducted by mental health professionals with a single intervention. The prevalence rate for GAD in the final sample of 962 individuals was 3% (2.4% males; 3.7% females). Prevalence was highest for both groups at 14 years of age. Of the participants with GAD, 58% had at least one other psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being another anxiety disorder (48.3%). The prevalence and comorbidity rates found, in the absence of any prior data in our environment, are similar to those described in other settings; therefore, early detection would allow early intervention

The impact of atmospheric pollutants on the prevalence of atopic eczema in 6-7-year-old schoolchildren in Spain; ISAAC Phase III.

Atopic Eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects children and adults, and alters quality of life with a high morbidity rate and severe economic burden. The objective of the present work was to analyse specific atmospheric pollutants (O3, NO, PM10 and SO2) affecting the prevalence of diagnosed AE and its symptoms among 6-7-year-old schoolchildren.The participants included 21311 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years from 8 Spanish regions, whose parents completed the ISAAC Phase III questionnaire to ascertain AE diagnosis and symptoms. The mean levels (µg/m3) of O3, NO, PM10 (particles 10 micrometers or less in diameter) and SO2 were determined in each geographical area. Participating in this study.According to these mean levels, three levels of exposure to each pollutant were considered: level 1 (percentiles 0-25); level 2 (percentiles 26-74); level 3 (percentiles 75-100). Exposure to O3 was associated with increased prevalence of rashes (exposure level 2, Odds Ratio (OR): 1.22, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI): 1.02-1.45; level 3 OR: 1.33, 95%CI: 1.10-1.61) and diagnosed AE (level 2, OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.17-1.39; level 3 OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.15-1.41). An association was found between the level of NO and a drop in the prevalence of diagnosed AE (exposure level 2, OR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.81-0.95; level 3 OR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.74-0.97). There was also an association between the highest exposure level to PM10 and a reduced prevalence of rashes (level 3 OR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.22-0.81) and diagnosed AE (level 3 OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.38-0.75). Future studies into exposure to O3 and its relationship with allergic diseases may be conducted in order to prevent this association.

Is acetaminophen use associated with atopic eczema and other allergic diseases in adolescents?

Atopic Eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects children and adults, and alters quality of life. Previous studies have suggested several socio-demographic and environmental factors related to the prevalence of AE and other allergic diseases, including acetaminophen use. In the present study, we report the rates of isolated AE, AE associated with asthma and AE associated with rhinitis among 13- to 14-year-old Spanish adolescents and the level of association of these conditions with the use of acetaminophen. We analyzed Spanish data from a cross-sectional Phase 3 study within ISAAC. A total of 28,717 adolescents completed the Phase 3 written questionnaire by answering questions for acetaminophen use and on asthma, rhinitis and AE symptoms.We observed an association between acetaminophen use and AE among the adolescents who had used acetaminophen in the previous month. Furthermore, the prevalence rate increased with the number of allergic processes: for AE alone, the adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) was 1.81 and for AE associated with rhinitis or with asthma, aPRs were 2.20 and 3.03, respectively.We conclude that acetaminophen use in childhood may be an important factor associated with development and/or maintenance of AE and other allergic diseases.

Epidemiological study of periocular dermatitis in a specialised hospital department.

Contact dermatitis is frequent skin pathology and eyelids are one of the more frequent locations of this pathology. The objective of the present work was to study the population distribution of periocular dermatitis, determine the allergens which most frequently indicate positive in patch tests and in provocative use tests, and analyse the clinical relevance of the positive tests.Patients with periocular dermatitis (N=93) underwent a thorough physical examination and a patch test with standard series. According to clinical suspicions, 76 patients underwent a patch test with specific series. Finally a provocative use test was done for 36 patients with suspected products that the patients brought. The tests were classified according their relevance.The most frequently observed allergen in the patch tests (with standard and specific series) was nickel followed by mercury, and anti-glaucoma drops in the provocative use tests with patients products.Patients' sex, age, occupation, clinical status, presence of associated periocular symptoms, and presence of atopic or seborrheic dermatitis and/or rosacea did not relate with relevance.We conclude that a clinical diagnosis may not always be made with patch tests with standard and specific series due to lack of relevance. It is important to do provocative use tests with the products suspected as allergens in those cases where patch tests with standard and specific series indicated positive for more than one allergen.

Unemployment and pregnancy outcomes: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.

AIMS: To explore the relation between employment status, type of unemployment and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A cohort study of 7,282 pregnancies of unemployed women and 56,014 pregnancies among women in paid jobs was performed within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Pregnancy outcomes were ascertained and information about lifestyle, occupational, medical, and obstetric factors was obtained. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for fetal loss, congenital anomalies, multiple births, sex ratio, preterm and very preterm birth and small for gestational age status, adjusting for lifestyle, medical and obstetric factors. RESULTS: There were no differences in pregnancy outcomes between employed and unemployed women but women receiving unemployment benefit had an increased risk of preterm birth (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.03-1.31) and having a small for gestational age child (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.19) compared with employed women. Women receiving sickness or maternity benefit had an increased risk of multiple birth (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.43-2.04), preterm (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.22-1.77) and very preterm birth (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.22-2.89), while those receiving an unreported type of support had an increased risk of preterm birth (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.93). CONCLUSIONS: We found no indication that being unemployed during pregnancy benefits or endangers the health of the child. Within the subgroups of unemployed women, we observed that women receiving unemployment and sickness or maternity benefits were at higher risk for some adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Oral and dental health of non-institutionalized elderly people in Spain.

With aging of the populations, the oral health and hygiene of elderly people has become an important public health issue. In this cross-sectional study we investigated the prevalence of tooth decay and other periodontal diseases in a representative cohort of 480 non-institutionalized adults ≥65 years from the province of Valencia, Spain. Using a World Health Organization standard for an adult oral survey methodology, we obtained data on remnant teeth with the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, a Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPTIN), attachment loss, and temporo-mandibular articulation (TMA) status. The prevalence of these conditions were compared by age and gender, using the Chi-square, and Student's t-, and ANOVA statistical tests. The mean number of remaining teeth were 17.1 in the total sample, which was higher for women (17.9 versus 15.7 in men; p=0.04). This mean number decreased as age increased (p<0.05). The overall DMFT index was 19%, showing a persistent increase with age from 14% (65-69-year) to 23% (≥80-year) (p=0.118). Only 6% of participants had no periodontal pathology, while 26% had bleeding gums and 57% had calculus, while attachment loss was observed in 31%. TMA malfunction with a click was present in 6%, was painful in 5%, and was associated with reduced mouth-opening in 2%. The prevalence of oral health pathologies was high among these elderly people, who would benefit from optimal oral health care.

Risk of infection and adverse outcomes among pregnant working women in selected occupational groups: A study in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to infectious pathogens is a frequent occupational hazard for women who work with patients, children, animals or animal products. The purpose of the present study is to investigate if women working in occupations where exposure to infections agents is common have a high risk of infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort, a population-based cohort study and studied the risk of Infection and adverse outcomes in pregnant women working with patients, with children, with food products or with animals. The regression analysis were adjusted for the following covariates: maternal age, parity, history of miscarriage, socio-occupational status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking habit, alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Pregnant women who worked with patients or children or food products had an excess risk of sick leave during pregnancy for more than three days. Most of negative reproductive outcomes were not increased in these occupations but the prevalence of congenital anomalies (CAs) was slightly higher in children of women who worked with patients. The prevalence of small for gestational age infants was higher among women who worked with food products. There was no association between occupation infections during pregnancy and the risk of reproductive failures in the exposed groups. However, the prevalence of CAs was slightly higher among children of women who suffered some infection during pregnancy but the numbers were small. CONCLUSION: Despite preventive strategies, working in specific jobs during pregnancy may impose a higher risk of infections, and working in some of these occupations may impose a slightly higher risk of CAs in their offspring. Most other reproductive failures were not increased in these occupations.

International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood Phase III (ISAAC III): The Role of Non-Response in Valencia.

A study was done about non-participation during Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC III) in Valencia to determine whether the non-response rate significantly affected the results obtained in Valencia. Of the schools selected to participate in ISAAC III, 13.3% denied not to, the main reason being they were already participated in a similar study. The ISAAC III questionnaire was handed out to participating schools for the parents of 6,358 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years. Of these, 53.4% responded correctly. The remaining 46.6% were given a non-response questionnaire (NRQ), of which 4.1% completed the questionnaire correctly. The main reason why parents who received the NRQ did not participate in ISAAC III was that their children had neither asthma nor other atopic disease, so interest was null. No significant statistical differences were observed between the prevalence of asthma in the schoolchildren who participated in ISAAC III and in the non-participants who answered the NRQ. These results suggest that the ISAAC III results relating to asthma are not biased by non-response.

Adolescents in Spain: use of medicines and adolescent lifestyles.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the use of medicines, particularly over-the-counter medicines (OTC medicines), and to analyse its association with different personal and lifestyle aspects. SETTING: The study sample was an adolescent population in the Valencian Community (East Spain) aged 14-17 years. METHOD: A total of 23,349 adolescents from 229 schools completed a questionnaire (response rate 89.54%). We analysed adolescents who were taking prescribed medicines at the time of the questionnaire, and who were users of OTC medicines that had not been prescribed by a doctor for a particular illness. We estimated this association with several personal and lifestyle factors using simple and multivariate analyses and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 15.18% of the participants reported that they were taking prescribed medicines when they answered the questionnaire, and 45.38% of the participants reported a frequent use of OTC medicines. Prescribed medicine use is more likely in older adolescents [Relative Prevalence Ratio adjusted by confounding factors (RPRa) 1.05, 95% CI:1.01-1.10], in those who had tried to lose weight by dieting in the last year (RPRa 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11-1.37), in current smokers (RPRa 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.27), in those who had a serious emotional problem (RPRa 1.85, 95% CI:1.60-2.16) and in people who presented a chronic pathology (RPRa 8.24, 95% CI: 7.45-9.11). Respondents who reported a frequent use of OTC medicines were more likely to be older (RPRa 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06), have tried to lose weight by dieting in the last year (RPRa 1.15, 95% CI:1.06-1.24), be a current smoker (RPRa 1.19, 95% CI:1.10-1.28), have a serious emotional problem (RPRa 1.48,95% CI: 1.31-1.67), and watch TV (RPRa 1.24, 95% CI:1.16-1.32). CONCLUSIONS: We noted an extensive use of medicines, especially OTC medicines, in adolescents, and an association with some personal and lifestyle factors. We conclude that prevention and early education of a responsible use of medicines should be a public health priority.

Obesity and overweight prevalences in rural and urban populations in East Spain and its association with undiagnosed hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus: a cross-sectional population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: An increase in the number of overweight and obese subjects in the general population has been observed.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obese subjects in the general population and its association with undiagnosed pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus [DM] and hypertension [HT], by taking age, gender and place of residence [rural or urban] into account. FINDINGS: A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in Castellón, East Spain in 2005-2006. The sample included 2,062 participants aged 18-94 years. Weight, height, blood pressure and glycaemia values were recorded, and information about gender, age and place of residence was obtained. Overweight, obesity, and undiagnosed HT and DM prevalences were calculated. Multiple regression analyses were done to assess the association of overweight/obesity with undiagnosed HT and DM by adjusting for age, gender and place of residence.The overall overweight, obesity, and undiagnosed HT and DM prevalences were 39.9% [95% CI:37.3-42.0], 25.9% [95% CI:24.0-27.9], 9.0% [95% CI:7.8-10.4] and 12.6% [95% CI:11.2-14.1], respectively. We identified various independent risk factors; those relating to overweight were increasing age, male gender and rural residential area, while that relating to obesity was increasing age. Compared to normal weight adults, the Relative Prevalence Ratio (RPR) for subjects who were overweight and had HT was 2.00 [95% CI:1.21-3.32]; that for obesity and HT was 1.91 [95% CI:1.48-2.46], and it was 1.50 [95% CI:1.25-1.81] for obesity and DM. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity prevalences, and their association with undiagnosed DM and HT, are high in our study population.