ABSTRACT
Accumulating evidence does not yet confirm the effect of power line frequency magnetic field (MF) on human health and fertility. We recently reported that, at continuous 60 Hz MF exposure in mice, the dose given as magnetic flux density (tesla; T) and duration of exposure was related to induce testicular germ cell apoptosis. We aimed to characterize the effect of a 20-week continuous exposure to 60 Hz MF on the motility, morphology, and number of sperm as well as the apoptosis of testicular germ cell in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 20 weeks to 60 Hz MF of 2, 20, or 200 µT for 24 h/day with rats exposed to sham conditions, serving as the control. The exposure to 60 Hz MF of 2 and 20 µT had no effects on testicular in this study. The exposure to 60 Hz MF of 200 µT for 20 weeks induced increases of the apoptotic cells (P < 0.001) in germ cells and decreases of sperm numbers (P < 0.05). However, the MF did not significantly affect the body or testis mass, seminiferous tubule diameter, or the motility or morphology of sperm. This study concluded that exposure to 60 Hz MF of 200 µT can increase testicular germ cell apoptosis, especially spermatogonia, and reduce sperm count. Also compared to previous mice studies, rats are less sensitive than mice to exposure to 60 Hz MF. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:539-546, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Fields/adverse effects , Testis/physiology , Animals , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , Time FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: As a continuing study of 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields (MF) [Lee et al. 2006 ], we investigated the chronic toxicity and possible health effects of exposure to 20 kHz MF at the flux density of 30 microT, which is the limit standard for the occupational population in South Korea, with the use of Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were exposed to 20 kHz triangular MF at 30 microT Root Mean Square for 8 h/day for 18 months. Body and organ weights were measured and urinalysis, hematological and blood biochemistry analyses were performed in individual animals. Histopathological evaluation was also performed for the brain, thymus, lung, heart, liver, kidney, intestine and reproductive organs, including tumour tissue. RESULTS: The mortality patterns in male or female rats exposed to magnetic fields were compared to the mortality patterns found in sex-matched sham control animals. Significant alteration of body weight was not observed with MF exposure. No significant differences were seen in sham-exposed and MF-exposed animals based on urological factors, hematological factors and blood biochemistry. Total tumour incidence was not different between sham-exposed and MF-exposed animals. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that chronic exposure to 20 kHz triangular MF with 30 microT flux density did not increase toxicity in rats.
Subject(s)
Magnetics , Radiation Dosage , Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced , Animals , Blood Chemical Analysis , Body Weight/radiation effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Female , Male , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental , Organ Size/radiation effects , Organ Specificity/radiation effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reproduction/radiation effects , Risk Assessment , Time Factors , Urinalysis , Whole-Body IrradiationABSTRACT
As a continuation of our previous study, we performed a teratological evaluation of the importance of gestational age with regards to the exposure of 20 kHz intermediate frequency magnetic field (IF) on pregnant ICR mice. The pregnant mice were exposed to a 20 kHz IF magnetic field for 8 h/day in a carousel irradiator at 30 microT which is the limit standard for occupational population in Korea. The animals were sacrificed on the 18th day of gestation and the fetuses were examined for mortality, growth retardation, changes in head size and other morphological abnormalities. We concluded that exposure to 30 microT with 20 kHz IF did not cause any observable adverse effects on mouse fetuses.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced/etiology , Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Fetus/radiation effects , Animals , Female , Gestational Age , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , PregnancyABSTRACT
We recently reported that continuous exposure, for 8 weeks, of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF) of 0.1 or 0.5 mT might induce testicular germ cell apoptosis in BALB/c mice. In that report, the ELF MF exposure did not significantly affect the body weight or testicular weight, but significantly increased the incidence of testicular germ cell death. In the present study, we aimed to further characterize the effect of a 16-week continuous exposure to ELF MF of 14 or 200 microT on testicular germ cell apoptosis in mice. There were no significant effects of MF on body weight and testosterone levels in mice. In TUNEL staining (In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling), germ cells showed a significantly higher apoptotic rate in exposed mice than in sham controls (P < 0.001). TUNEL-positive cells were mainly spermatogonia. In an electron microscopic study, degenerating spermatogonia showed condensation of nuclear chromatin similar to apoptosis. These results indicate that apoptosis may be induced in spermatogenic cells in mice by continuous exposure to 60 Hz MF of 14 microT.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/radiation effects , Spermatozoa/physiology , Spermatozoa/radiation effects , Testis/physiology , Testis/radiation effects , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Electricity , Electromagnetic Fields , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Radiation Dosage , Spermatozoa/cytology , Testis/cytologyABSTRACT
In order to evaluate possible tumorigenic effects of a 20 kHz intermediate frequency triangular magnetic field (IF), a frequency emitted from TV and PC monitors at 6.25 microT rms, which is the regulated exposure limit of magnetic field for the public in Korea, mammary tumors were produced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by oral intubation of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), lung tumors in ICR mice by scapular region injection of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), and skin tumors in female ICR mice by topical application of DMBA and tetradecanoylphorbol ester (TPA). IF was applied 8 h/day for 14 weeks beginning the day after DMBA treatment for mammary tumor experiment, for 6 weeks after weaning for lung tumor, and for 20 weeks beginning 1 week after DMBA application for skin tumor experiment. For skin tumors, TPA was applied once a week for 19 weeks. Results showed no significant differences in tumor incidence, mean tumor number and volume, and histological patterns between IF magnetic-field exposed and sham control rats in the above three tumor models. Therefore, we conclude that within the limitation or number of animals and the experimental conditions, 20 kHz IF triangular magnetic field exposure of 6.25 microT does not appear to be a strong co-tumorigenic agent in the chosen murine mammary, lung and skin models.
Subject(s)
Electromagnetic Fields , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/etiology , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology , Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/etiology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Female , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology , Radiation Dosage , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Sprague-Dawley rats (10 each of male and female per group for sham and magnetic field exposed) were exposed in a carrousel irradiator to 20 kHz intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field at 6.25 microT rms for 8 h/day, 5 days/week for 90 days. Urine analysis (pH, serum glucose, protein, ketone bodies, RBC, WBC, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and specific gravity), blood analysis [WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocyte count, and leucocyte count], blood biochemistry (total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase), and histopathological analysis for organs such as liver, kidney, testis, ovary, spleen, brain, heart, and lung were performed on day 90. Results showed no significant differences in the above analyses between IF magnetic field exposed and sham control rats. Therefore, we conclude that there were no significant toxicities in rats exposed to 20 kHz IF triangular magnetic field-exposure for 90 days.
Subject(s)
Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Radiation Injuries/etiology , Radiation Injuries/physiopathology , Risk Assessment/methods , Whole-Body Irradiation/adverse effects , Animals , Body Weight/radiation effects , Female , Male , Organ Size/radiation effects , Radiation Dosage , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Risk Factors , Survival Rate , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
In order to evaluate the importance of gestational age in possible effects due to exposure to a 20 kHz sawtooth magnetic field, pregnant ICR mice at gestational 2.5-15.5 days post-coitus, which is the most sensitive stage for the induction of major congenital malformations, were exposed in a carrousel irradiator. The mice were exposed to a 20 kHz intermediate frequency (IF) sawtooth magnetic field had a 6.5 microT peak intensity for 8 h/day. The animals were sacrificed on the 18th day of gestation; and the fetuses were examined for mortality, growth retardation, changes in head size, and other morphological abnormalities. From the above conditions, it is concluded that the exposure to a 20 kHz sawtooth magnetic field with 6.5 microT peak intensity does not inflict any adverse effect on fetuses of pregnant mice.