Papillary glioneuronal tumors: Distinctive cytological characteristics and cyto-histologic correlation.

Intraoperative cytological examination and cyto-histologic correlation of papillary glioneuronal tumors have rarely been described in detail in the literature. A 23-year-old female presented at our institution with seizure-like activity, and a 3.0 cm left temporal lobe hypoattenuating lesion. She was accurately diagnosed with papillary glioneuronal tumor on Intraoperative cytology. The patient subsequently proceeded to stealth-guided awake left temporal craniotomy, confirming the diagnosis. In this article, we present a detailed report of papillary glioneuronal tumor (extremely rare central nervous system neoplasm) describing the cytologic and histologic morphologic features, its differential diagnosis with review of the literature.

Mainstreaming gender in disaster (review).

The results of literature review show that the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerability of females lead to the relatively higher female disaster mortality rates compared to men; the disaster impact differ across economic class, ethnicity, gender and other factors; natural disasters exacerbate previously existing patterns of discrimination that render females more vulnerable to the fatal impact of disasters. The adverse impact of disasters on females relative to men vanishes with rising socio-economic status of women. However, more inter-disciplinary research is needed to fully understand the interplay between mortality and gender in the presence of natural disasters. More research is needed to fully understand why and how disaster strength interacts with female mortality.

Small cell carcinoma of the cervix in liquid-based Pap test: utilization of split-sample immunocytochemical and molecular analysis.

Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SMCC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm. Both conventional and liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical smears have low sensitivity in diagnosing SMCC, requiring immunocytochemical (ICH) confirmation. We present the first series of SMCC primarily diagnosed in cytology specimens, and ICH studies performed on the residual LBC specimens with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis on surgical pathology specimens. Immunocytochemical stains for keratin, p16INK4, and neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) were performed on additional ThinPrep slides. HPV test used chromogenic in situ hybridization high risk HPV DNA probe. The Pap smears in all three specimens were highly cellular with a mixture of squamous cells and numerous well-preserved single or small cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells. Tumor cells were small, monomorphic with minimal cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. There was significant nuclear overlap, but no nuclear molding, or smudging of nuclear chromatin. The chromatin pattern was stippled. A background tumor diathesis was prominent. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were noted in one case, and markedly abnormal squamous cells were seen in another case. The main cytology differential diagnoses included high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical positivity for the neuroendocrine markers supported the diagnoses of SMCC in all three cases. The morphologic features of the concurrent surgical pathology specimens were typical of SMCC. The tissue diagnoses were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our study allows us to conclude that SMCC can be primarily diagnosed in LBC specimens using a panel of immunocytochemical stains.

Disasters and their consequences for public health.

Humanitarian emergencies, including natural and human-made disasters, conflicts and complex emergencies, constitute what has traditionally been considered the main threat to health security worldwide. Each year millions of people are affected by natural and man-made disasters around the world. Tornados, hurricanes, heavy rains and earthquakes resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and many more affected. Indeed, disasters would not be disastrous if it were not for their effect on the human population. Links between the natural environment and human health have been suggested for centuries. Disasters throughout history have had significant impact on the numbers, health status and life style of populations. It induce: Deaths, Severe injuries, requiring extensive treatments, Increased risk of communicable diseases, Damage to the health facilities, Damage to the water systems, Food shortage, Population movements. The authors focused on the natural disasters, caused by natural forces rather than by acts associated with human behavior and that affect a large population in a widespread geographic region. Describing the general effects of disasters on health, it does not pretend to cover every contingency. Review of recent literature on humanitarian emergencies has shown that the public health consequences of natural disasters are complex. Disasters directly impact the health of the population resulting in physical trauma, acute disease and emotional trauma. In addition, disasters may increase the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic disease and infectious disease through the impact on the health care system.

Dermatological complications following initiation of lenalidomide in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Off-label use of lenalidomide (Len) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is becoming increasingly frequent. When compared with thalidomide, Len has been reported to have more potent anti-tumour activity and a better safety profile. However, dermatological side-effects are known to occur with both drugs. Clinical trial design often precludes precise quantification of infrequent toxicities and studies frequently report only grade 3-4 toxicities without a detailed description of rashes, leading to under-recognition of these complications in the community. Careful long-term tracking of late adverse effects with prompt reporting on recognition is imperative while monitoring patients for potential adverse events as we enter the new era of targeted therapies. We present an unusual case of CLL that was complicated by erythema annulare centrifugum and neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) after starting Len.

Quantitative changes of schwann and mast cells in the process of peripheral nerve regeneration.

One of the most common problems in the fields of orthopedic surgery and neurology is that of the injured peripheral nerve. Injured nerve fibers in the adult mammalian peripheral nervous system can and often do regenerate, thereby restoring at least some lost faunctions. During the past decade enormous progress has been made in the understanding of the cellular events and molecular changes during degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves. However, our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms and signaling cascades underlying the complex molecular regeneration program is still very limited despite an enormous amount of new experimental data. Injure to peripheral nerve initiates a complex cascade of signals involving neurons, glia and cells of the immune system. The question of which cells are responsible for nerve survival and tissue repair mechanisms after injury remains controversial. Although it has largely been demonstrated that macrophages and Schwann cells play important roles in degrading and removing myelin few data have been reported regarding mast cells in Wallerian degeneration. The present study has been designed to evaluate the correlation between Schwann and mast cells during regeneration of the injured peripheral nerve. Animals were divided into two groups: experimental and intact rats. The left sciatic nerve was separated from the surrounding tissue, was transected in its mid-thigh portion and sewed up. Sewed sciatic nerves were obtained and used for morphological and Immunocytochemical observation 2 and 12 day, and 1 month after transection. Our experimental data reveals that the mast cells, as well as Schwann cells, play a pivotal role in regeneration process after injury. The correlation between the changes of quantity of schwann cells and mast cells during the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve was not revealed.

Lymphatic vessel density is significantly increased in melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is well known for its ability to involve regional lymph nodes in the early stage. However, the presence of lymphangiogenesis in melanoma is still controversial due to lack of lymphatic-specific markers. The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) using a novel lymphatic vessel-specific marker D2-40 and compare it to general vessel density (GVD) as determined by CD31 immunostaining in a series of melanocytic lesions. METHODS: The intra- and peritumoral GVD and LVD were examined by immunohistochemistry using D2-40 and CD31 antibodies in a series of melanocytic lesions. RESULTS: We found significantly higher intratumoral LVD in melanomas as compared to either common acquired or dysplastic nevi (p < 0.01). Although peritumoral LVD in melanoma and malignant melanoma in situ was higher compared to nevi, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.059). There was no significant difference in GVD among the various groups of melanocytic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that intratumoral LVD is significantly increased in melanomas compared to benign nevi. The higher intratumoral lymphatic density in invasive melanomas suggests that melanoma cells might promote lymphangiogenesis. In addition, assessment of intratumoral LVD may be potentially useful in the differential diagnosis of melanocytic lesions.

[Spontaneous infection of ixodes ticks with salmonella]. / Spontannoe zarazhenie iksodovykh kleshchei salmonellami.

An epizootological study of the ticks gathered from the cattle and ground surface in the Dedoplistskaroisky and Dushetsky districts of Eastern Georgia has identified 5 Salmonella a typhimurium strains. The strains were isolated from the ticks Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma plumbeum. They were found to be resistant to 10 of 16 antibiotics. The strains showed a high sensitivity only to 3 antibiotics, such as gentamicin, cirpofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin and 3 strains were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol. The above ticks seem to have been spontaneously infected with the pathogen Salmonella on the animals at the moment of bacteremia.