Intraoral scanners in children: evaluation of the patient perception, reliability and reproducibility, and chairside time-A systematic review.

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the perception of the patient, the chairside time, and the reliability and/or reproducibility of intraoral scanners for full arch in pediatric patients. Methods: A data search was performed in four databases (Medline-Pubmed, Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science) in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statements. Studies were classified in three categories (patient perception, scanning or impression time and reliability and/or reproducibility). The resources, the data extraction and the quality assessment were carried out independently by two operators. The variables recorded were population characteristics, material and methods aspects and included country, study design and main conclusion. A quality assessment of the selected studies was performed with QUADAS-2 tool, and Kappa-Cohen Index was calculated to analyze examiner agreement. Results: The initial search obtained 681 publications, and finally four studies matching inclusion criteria were selected. The distribution of the studies in the categories was three for the analysis of the patient's perception and scanning or impression time; and two items to assess the reliability and/or reproducibility of intraoral scans. All included studies have a repeated measures-transversal design. The sample size ranged between 26 and 59 children with a mean age. The intraoral scanners evaluated were Lava C.O.S, Cerec Omnicam, TRIOS Classic, TRIOS 3-Cart and TRIOS Ortho. The quality assessment of the studies using QUADAS-2 tool revealed a low risk of bias while evaluating patient perception, but an unclear risk of bias in the analysis of accuracy or chairside time. In relation to the applicability concerns, the patient selection was of high risk of bias. All studies agreed that the patient perception and comfort is better with intraoral scanners in comparison with the conventional method. The accuracy or reliability of the digital procedure is not clear, being clinically acceptable. In relation with the chairside time, it depends on the intraoral scanner, with contradictory data in the different analyzed studies. Conclusion: The use of intraoral scanners in children is a favorable option, finding a significantly higher patient perception and comfort with intraoral scanners compared to the conventional impression method. The evidence for reliability or reproducibility is not strong to date, however, the differences between the intraoral measurements and the digital models would be clinically acceptable.

Influence of Augmented Reality Appliances on Tooth Preparation Designs-An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this work was to analyze and compare the tooth structure removal between a free-hand preparation technique and a computer-aided preparation technique using an augmented reality appliance for complete-crowns preparation designs and "root mean square" (RMS) alignment value. Ten upper teeth representatives of all dental sectors were selected from a generic model library as "Standard Tessellation Language" (STL-1) digital files and 3D-printed in an anatomically based acrylic resin experimental model. Then these were randomly assigned to the following tooth preparation techniques: Group A: free-hand preparation technique (n = 5) (FHT) and Group B: computer-aided preparation technique using an augmented reality appliance (n = 5) (AR). Experimental models were submitted to a digital impression through an intraoral scan and (STL-2) uploaded into a reverse engineering morphometric software to measure the volumetric reduction in the planned and performed tooth structure (mm3) and RMS using the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Statistically significant differences were observed between the volumetric reduction in the planned and performed tooth structure (mm3) of the AR and FHT study groups (p = 0.0001). Moreover, statistically significant differences were observed between the RMS of the planned and performed tooth preparations in both the AR and FHT study groups (p = 0.0005). The augmented reality appliance provides a more conservative and predictable complete-crowns preparation design than the free-hand preparation technique.

A retrospective study on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental treatments in adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to analyze the prevalence of dental treatments that were not performed in a dental care university referral center in the capital of Spain during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study based on the registry of medical records. Sex, age, nationality, and the type of treatment that was not performed in the service of the Integrated Adult Dental Clinic subject of the Dentistry degree at the Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 392 medical records were analyzed. The prevalence of the treatments that were not performed was 58.67% (95% CI 53.74-63.44) of conservative treatments, 47.45% (95% CI 42.55-52.39) of periodontal treatments, 27.30% (95% CI 23.12-31.91) and 13.52% (95% CI 10.49-17.26) of clinical activities. The patients most affected by the absence of dental treatment ranged in age from 35 to 74 years. Age, sex, and nationality were not influential in not performing dental treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic could have negatively influenced treatments, such as conservative and periodontal treatments, that increasing the risk of tooth loss in adults.

Management of odonto-stomatological emergencies during the COVID-19 alarm state in dental clinics in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (CAM), Spain: An observational study

BACKGROUND: Odontology practice has been severely compromised by the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and Spain is one of the countries with higher incidence. Our aim with this study is to find out the number of cases and type of odonto-stomatological emergencies (OSE) treated in four dental clinics of the Madrid capital area and region (CAM) in the period covered between March 17th and 4th of May. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We search the cases in the demographic/epidemiological databases of the CAM regional government and the Illustrious Official College of Dentists and Stomatologists of the First Region (Madrid). RESULTS: We found that the most prevalent pathology was acute apical periodontitis whereas odontogenic abscess showed the lowest frequency. Prosthetic-orthodontic OSE represented 14% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this period of time, the most prevalent pathology acute apical periodontitis, odontogenic abscess reported the lowest frequency and prosthetic-orthodontic treatments were the third in number of cases. Most of OSE were resolved, without referring the patient to a hospital emergency department

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