ABSTRACT
We determined the complete sequence of the rrs gene from five strains of genomic species PotiB2. Both distance and parsimony methods were used to infer the evolutionary relationships of the rrs gene sequence of this genomic species in comparison with the rrs gene sequence of Borrelia valaisiana and the rrs gene sequences of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species obtained from sequence databases. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genomic species PotiB2 strains clustered in a separate lineage, which was consistent with data from previous DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (D. Postic, M. V. Assous, P. A. D. Grimont, and G. Baranton, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:743-752, 1994). A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify genomic species PotiB2 and to differentiate it from B. burgdorferi sensu lato species. Moreover, signature nucleotide positions were identified for each B. burgdorferi sensu lato species. In accordance with DNA relatedness values, our findings suggest that genomic species PotiB2 can be more clearly defined and identified, and we propose that it should be referred to as a new species, Borrelia lusitaniae. The type strain is PotiB2.
Subject(s)
Borrelia/classification , Borrelia/genetics , RNA, Bacterial/analysis , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Borrelia/chemistry , DNA Primers , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the metabolic effects of catecholamines released at sympathetic nerves ending in the postabsorptive and postprandial states. DESIGN: Sympathetic activity was acutely increased by lower body negative pressure (LBNP; -15 mmHg) on two occasions in a group of eight healthy volunteers: (1) in the postabsorptive state; and (2) after glucose ingestion. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were determined by HPLC and energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates were assessed with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: After glucose, LBNP increased plasma norepinephrine by 27% and lipid oxidation by 72% and decreased glucose oxidation by 14%. Energy expenditure was not altered. In the postabsorptive state, LBNP increased plasma norepinephrine by 34%, but had no significant effect on energy or substrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy humans, LBNP-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system decreases glucose oxidation and increases lipid oxidation after oral glucose, but does not quantitatively affect energy expenditure.
