ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: There are no published data from specific regions of sub-Saharan Africa describing the clinical and pathological characteristics and molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer by ethnic group. The purpose of this study was to investigate these characteristics among the three major ethno-cultural groupings in Kenya. METHODS: The study included women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosed between March 2012 and May 2015 at 11 hospitals throughout Kenya. Sociodemographic, clinical, and reproductive data were collected by questionnaire, and pathology review and immunohistochemistry were performed centrally. RESULTS: The 846 cases included 661 Bantus (78.1%), 143 Nilotes (16.9%), 19 Cushites (2.3%), and 23 patients of mixed ethnicity (2.7%). In analyses comparing the two major ethnic groups, Bantus were more educated, more overweight, had an older age at first birth, and had a younger age at menopause than Nilotes (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In analyses restricted to definitive surgery specimens, there were no statistically significant differences in tumor characteristics or molecular subtypes by ethnicity, although the Nilote tumors tended to be larger (OR for ≥ 5 cm vs. < 2 cm: 3.86, 95% CI 0.77, 19.30) and were somewhat more likely to be HER2 enriched (OR for HER2 enriched vs. Luminal A/B: 1.41, 95% CI 0.79, 2.49). CONCLUSION: This case series showed no significant differences in breast cancer tumor characteristics or molecular subtypes, but significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive factors, among the three major ethnic groups in Kenya. We suggest further evaluation of ethnic differences in breast cancer throughout the genetically and culturally diverse populations of sub-Saharan Africa.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Adult , Africa South of the Sahara , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Ethnicity/genetics , Female , Humans , Kenya , Middle Aged , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A patient presents with penile ring incarceration after using it for penile enlargement and prolonging tumescence. We present a case study of removal of the penile ring under local anaesthesia in a setting where cutting tools were inadequate.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: CRC (CRC) rates are low but increasing in Africa. Data on detection, treatment, and outcome are scarce. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presentation, treatment, and outcome pattern of CRC and to compare the care processes for two time periods. SETTING: The setting was Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), a teaching and referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 259 patients seen over two time periods (1993-1998 and 1999-2005) were analyzed for admission date, sex, subsite involvement, diagnostic process, treatment, follow-up, and outcome. The distribution of variables between the time periods were analyzed using Student's t-test and chi2 as appropriate. Survival trends were generated using Kaplan Meier method; p<0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: The average number of CRC diagnoses showed a 2.7-fold increase during the study periods. The mean age at presentation was 49.7 years. The mean duration of symptoms was 29.6 weeks; and the commonest subsite was the rectum (55.3%). The overall resection rate was 67.7%. For rectal tumors the abdominoperineal rate was 51.4%. Mortality was higher for poorly differentiated cancer, advanced disease, age>50 years, and emergency surgery. There was no change in the age, duration of symptoms, proportion of patients<40 years, or the colon/rectal ratios of the cancer site. The second time period saw more adjuncts for diagnosis, less in-hospital mortality, and better staging data. CONCLUSION: CRC peaks during the fifth decade of life in Kenyans. The disease is characterized by late presentation, rectal preponderance, and inadequate pathology data. Improved patient follow-up will unravel the true pattern of disease outcome.
