Mechanisms involved in lung cancer development in COPD.

Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They share a common environmental risk factor in cigarette smoke exposure and a genetic predisposition represented by the incidence of these diseases in only a fraction of smokers. COPD is also a major independent risk factor for lung carcinoma, among long-term smokers. Smokers with COPD also have a higher risk of developing a specific histological subtype of non-small cell lung cancer termed squamous cell carcinoma. For these reasons the focus of this review is on the potential pathogenic molecular links between tobacco smoking-related COPD and squamous cell carcinoma. We believe that we need to promote more studies on the molecular and cellular pathobiology of smokers with premalignant bronchial lesions of the squamous cell lung carcinoma compared with a control group of smokers with and without COPD to unravel the complex molecular interactions between COPD and early squamous cell lung carcinoma. These studies should also look at younger healthy smokers in combination with risk models of lung cancer and COPD. Overall these studies may allow the discovery of new molecular targets of the early carcinogenesis process that in the foreseeable future may render the early diagnosis and treatment, and may be even the prevention, of invasive squamous cell lung carcinoma a reality.

Shed HER2 extracellular domain in HER2-mediated tumor growth and in trastuzumab susceptibility.

The question of the serum HER2 extracellular domain (HER2/ECD) measurement for prediction of response to the anti-HER2 antibody Trastuzumab is still an open and current matter of clinical debate. To elucidate the involvement of shed HER2/ECD in HER2-driven tumor progression and in guiding therapy of individual patients, we examined biological effects exerted by elevated HER2/ECD in cancer growth and in response to Trastuzumab. To this purpose SKOV3 tumor cells were stably transfected to release a recombinant HER2/ECD molecule (rECD). Transfectants releasing high levels of 110-kDa rECD, identical in size to native HER2/ECD (nECD), grew significantly slower than did controls, which constitutively released only basal levels of nECD. While transmembrane HER2 and HER1 were expressed at equal levels by both controls and transfected cells, activation of these molecules and of downstream ERK2 and Akt was significantly reduced only in rECD transfectants. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed heterodimerization of the rECD with HER1, -2, and -3. In cell growth bioassays in vitro, shed HER2 significantly blocked HER2-driven tumor cell proliferation. In mice, high levels of circulating rECD significantly impaired HER2-driven SKOV3 tumor growth but not that of HER2-negative tumor cells. In vitro and in mice, Trastuzumab significantly inhibited tumor growth due to the rECD-facilitated accumulation of the antibody on tumor cells. Globally our findings sustain the biological relevance of elevated HER2/ECD levels in the outcome of HER2-disease and in the susceptibility to Trastuzumab-based therapy.

Regulation of breast cancer response to chemotherapy by fibulin-1.

Doxorubicin treatment was found to augment the expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibulin-1 in cultured human breast cancer cell lines and in MDA-MB-361 tumors grown in athymic mice. Doxorubicin was also found to augment tumor expression of the fibulin-1-binding proteins fibronectin and laminin-1. Growth of breast cancer cell lines on Matrigel, an ECM extract containing fibulin-1 and laminin-1, resulted in lower levels of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis as compared with controls. Moreover, tumors formed by injection of athymic mice with MDA-MB-361 cells mixed with Matrigel were significantly more doxorubicin resistant and displayed lower levels of apoptosis compared with those that formed in the absence of Matrigel. Monoclonal antibodies against fibulin-1 reversed Matrigel-dependent doxorubicin resistance. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of fibulin-1 expression in breast cancer cells resulted in a 10-fold increase in doxorubicin sensitivity as compared with control cells. Together, these findings point to a role for fibulin-1 in breast cancer chemoresistance.

RNA expression induced by cisplatin in an organ of Corti-derived immortalized cell line.

Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] (CDDP) is an organic compound that is widely used for the treatment of a large number of tumors. Its clinical use is limited by the presence of some undesired side effects, like as oto- and nephro toxicity, whose mechanisms of action are not understood. One of the possible CDDP toxicity mechanism seems to involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that can impair morphology and function of hair cells (HC) in the organ of Corti. To test this hypothesis we evaluated the effect of CDDP treatment on RNA steady-state levels of 15,000 genes by microarray analysis, using, as a experimental model, the OC-k3 cell line, obtained from the organ of Corti of transgenic mice and constitutively expressing the large SV40 T antigen. We have found overexpression of several genes related to arachidonate mobilization including phospholipase A2, group IV and V, phospholipase A2 activating protein and lysophospholipase I and III, as well as lipoxygenation like arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. In addition, we found significant transcription of genes regulating cell respiration, including cyt c oxidase, as well as genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and lipid peroxidation such as cyt P450, and other oxidases including spermine oxidase and monoamine oxidase. As a whole, overexpression of the group of different genes seems to indicate that an oxidative burst could take place during cisplatin administration. We therefore searched for evidences of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and flow cytometry, but failed to detect them. On the other hand, we found an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis and protein carbonylation products, indicating the occurence of lipid peroxidative degradation. When we tested the effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), dithiothreitol (DTT) and N-acetylcysteine (N-Ac) as cytoprotectants, all of them reduced protein carbonylation to control levels and significantly protected OC-k3 from CDDP-induced cell death, with an higher protection when using the lipophylic antioxidant BHT. The same antioxidants prevented also the onset of protein carbonylation, which extent was decreased to basal levels. These data indicate that CDDP is able to stimulate gene expression up to 12 h after the beginning of the treatment. This increase in gene transcription involves a large number of genes potentially able to increase the level of cell ROS. Consistently, cells survival is improved by cotreatment with antioxidants, in particular lipophilics.