Perception of interpersonal distance and social distancing before and during COVID-19 pandemic.

Since COVID-19 is easily transmitted among people in close physical proximity, the focus of epidemiological policy during the COVID-19 crisis included major restrictions on interpersonal distance. However, the way in which distance restrictions affected spatial perception is unclear. In the current study, we examined interpersonal distance preferences and perceptions at three time points: pre-pandemic, early post-pandemic, and late post-pandemic. The results indicate that following the pandemic outbreak, people perceived others as farther away than they actually were, suggesting that the distance restrictions were associated with an enlargement of perceived interpersonal distance. Interestingly, however, people maintained the same distance from one another as before the outbreak, indicating no change in actual distance behavior due to the risk of infection. These findings suggest that COVID-19 was associated with a change in the way distance is perceived, while in practice, people maintain the same distance as before. In contrast, COVID-related anxiety predicted both a preference for maintaining a greater distance and a bias toward underestimating perceived distance from others. Thus, individuals who were highly fearful of COVID-19 perceived other people to be closer than they actually were and preferred to maintain a larger distance from them. The results suggest that subjective risk can lead to an increased perception of danger and a subsequent change in behavior. Taken together, even when behaviors should logically change, the decision-making process can be based on distorted perceptions. This insight may be used to predict public compliance.

The role of fear in hierarchical processing of fear-related stimuli.

According to a widely accepted definition, visual objects are composed of hierarchical structures classified as either global or local, depending on their location in the hierarchy. Previous research has demonstrated that fear and anxiety are associated with faster identification of local level stimuli, supporting the popular view that fear narrows attention. Nevertheless, the modulating role of fear in hierarchical processing has never been examined for stimuli that are personally relevant. To fill this research gap, we used emotional modification of a global-local paradigm to examine hierarchical processing of spider and snake stimuli among participants with high specific fear of spiders or snakes, respectively. The results indicate that personal fear facilitates identification of an animal's global configuration and interferes with identification of its local features (i.e., body pattern). This effect was found in comparison with participants with low fear and in comparison with other threatening but fear-irrelevant stimulus. Furthermore, a general global bias was found, highlighting the ecological validity of Navon's theory. The current findings are inconsistent with the view that anxiety narrows attention to local features. We suggest that the results can be reconciled with existing literature if we consider the narrowing of attention to the global level. The current study offers initial evidence for the role of fear in hierarchical processing of fear-relevant information, which may, in turn, play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of fear and serve as a new target for interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Biased distance estimation in social anxiety disorder: A new avenue for understanding avoidance behavior.

OBJECTIVES: People regulate their interpersonal space appropriately to obtain a comfortable distance for interacting with others. Socially anxious individuals are especially prone to discomfort from and fear of physical closeness, leading them to prefer a greater interpersonal distance from others. Previous studies also indicate that fear can enhance the threat-related elements of a threatening stimulus. For example, spider phobia is associated with estimating spiders as bigger and faster than they actually are. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether the preference of those with social anxiety disorder (SAD) to maintain greater distance from others is associated with biased estimations of interpersonal distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 87 participants (44 clinically diagnosed with SAD and 43 control) performed validated computerized and ecological tasks in a real-life setting while social space estimations and preferences were measured. RESULTS: Participants with SAD felt comfortable when maintaining a greater distance from unfamiliar others compared to the control group and estimated unfamiliar others to be closer to them than they actually were. Moreover, the estimation bias predicted their preferred distance from strangers, indicating a strong association between estimation bias severity and actual approach-avoidance behavior. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that distance estimation bias underlies avoidance behavior in SAD, suggesting the involvement of a new cognitive mechanism in personal space regulation.

Biased estimations of interpersonal distance in non-clinical social anxiety.

Previous studies have indicated that socially-anxious individuals prefer to maintain a greater interpersonal distance from others, specifically from strangers. Notwithstanding, it has yet to be examined whether this preference for distance is associated with estimating the physical interpersonal distance in a distorted manner. In the current study, 100 participants performed a computerized task that measured estimated distance (Study 1). An additional sample of 75 participants performed the same task for the purpose of replication, and further took part in a new task that measured estimated distance from a stranger in a real-life setting (Study 2). In both studies social anxiety correlated with estimating the interpersonal distance from strangers as shorter. Furthermore, ones' preferred distance from a stranger was predicted by this distance estimation bias. Taken together, our findings are the first to reveal distance estimation bias in social anxiety, suggesting a role for distorted distance estimation in avoidance behavior.