ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The increasing complexity of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total coronary occlusions (CTO) leads to a significant increase of radiation exposure for both patient and operator. OBJECTIVE: To study the potential of modified settings of the X-ray equipment combined with operator protocols to reduce radiation dose despite increasing procedural complexity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed a consecutive cohort of 984 PCIs for CTOs in 863 patients between January 2010 and July 2015. During that period, the X-ray equipment was changed from an analog to a digital detector system, and a subsequent filter and imaging modification was implemented. The fluoroscopy settings were reduced from 15 pulses/s to 7.5, and then to 6. The cine framerate was reduced from 15 to 7.5/s. For the last time period, with optimized settings, procedural, and lesion related factors influencing the radiation exposure were analyzed. RESULTS: The lesion complexity increased from a J-CTO score of 1.64 to 2.33 with an increase of retrograde procedures from 21.6 to 50.4%. With a similar fluoroscopy time, the dose area product was reduced from period 1 to 2 by 20%, and further by 7% to period 3. There was a significant reduction of Air Kerma from period 2 to 3 from 3.5 to 2.7 Gy. The operator exposure was reduced by more than half. The patient's weight and the complexity of the procedure were the main determinants of radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The radiation exposure for patient and operator was decreased considerably during the three observation periods despite an increase in lesion and procedural complexity. Rigorous implementation of radiation device settings did reduce radiation exposure without impeding procedural success. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Coronary Angiography , Coronary Occlusion/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Occlusion/therapy , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , Radiation Dosage , Radiation Exposure/prevention & control , Radiation Protection/methods , Radiography, Interventional , Aged , Chronic Disease , Coronary Angiography/adverse effects , Coronary Angiography/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Health , Patient Safety , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects , Predictive Value of Tests , Radiation Exposure/adverse effects , Radiography, Interventional/adverse effects , Radiography, Interventional/instrumentation , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In addition to visual spatial input, vestibular and proprioceptive signals are used in judging the egocentric space. We asked whether the abnormal head posture of patients with cervical dystonia (CD) is associated with distortions of their internal spatial reference frame. The perception of subjective straight-ahead (SSA) was tested under various conditions in 28 CD patients and in matched controls. They were asked to direct a laser pointer to the position that they believed to be "straight ahead" relative to their bodies' orientation (body-centered spatial perception). Body-independent visual spatial perception was assessed with different neuropsychological tests. CD patients had a greater deviation of the subjective straight ahead, indicating body-centered visual spatial perception, than controls. No effects were seen in body-independent visual spatial perception. Patients with CD are impaired in body-centered, egocentric spatial perception, but not in body-independent, allocentric spatial perception.
