Coordination of specialty referrals and physician satisfaction with referral care.

OBJECTIVES: To describe how physicians coordinate patient care for specialty referrals and to examine the effects of these activities on referring physicians' satisfaction with the specialty care their patients receive and referral completion. DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective study of a consecutive sample of referrals (N = 963) made from the offices of 122 pediatricians in 85 practices in a national practice-based research network. Data sources included a physician survey completed when the referral was made (response rate, 99%) and a physician survey and medical record review conducted 3 months later (response rate, 85%). Referral completion was defined as receipt of written communication of referral results from the specialist. RESULTS: Pediatricians scheduled appointments with specialists for 39.3% and sent patient information to specialists for 50.8% of referrals. The adjusted odds of referral completion were increased 3-fold for those referrals for which the pediatrician scheduled the appointment and communicated with the specialist compared with those for which neither activity occurred. Referring physicians' satisfaction ratings were significantly increased by any type of specialist feedback and were highest for referrals involving specialist feedback by both telephone and letter. Elements of specialists' letters that significantly increased physician ratings of letter quality included presence of patient history, suggestions for future care, follow-up arrangements, and plans for comanaging care; only the inclusion of plans for comanaging patient care was significantly related to the referring physicians' overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Better coordination between referring physicians and specialists increases physician satisfaction with specialty care and enhances referral completion. Improvements in the referral process may be achieved through better communication and collaboration between primary care physicians and specialists.

Gatekeeping and referral of children and adolescents to specialty care.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we examined how gatekeeping arrangements influence referrals to specialty care for children and adolescents in private and Medicaid insurance plans. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a prospective study of office visits (n = 27 104) made to 142 pediatricians in 94 practices distributed throughout 36 states in a national primary care practice-based research network. During 10 practice-days, physicians and patients completed questionnaires on referred patients, while office staff kept logs of all visits. Physicians used medical records to complete questionnaires for a subset of patients 3 months after their referral was made. RESULTS: Gatekeeping arrangements were common among children and adolescents with private (57.8%) and Medicaid (43.3%) insurance. Patients in gatekeeping plans were more likely to be referred with private (3. 16% vs 1.85% visits referred) and Medicaid (5.39% vs 3.73%) financing. Increased parental requests for specialty care among gatekeeping patients did not explain the increased referral rate. Physicians' reasons for making the referral were similar between the two groups. Physicians were less likely to schedule an appointment or communicate with the specialist for referred patients in gatekeeping plans. However, rates of physician awareness that a specialist visit occurred and specialist communication back to pediatricians did not differ between the two groups 3 months after the referrals were made. CONCLUSIONS: Gatekeeping arrangements are common among insured children and adolescents in the United States. Our study suggests that gatekeeping arrangements increase referrals from pediatricians' offices to specialty care and compromise some aspects of coordination.

The pediatric primary-specialty care interface: how pediatricians refer children and adolescents to specialty care.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how pediatricians refer patients to specialists, including frequency of referral decisions, reasons for referral, and types of referrals. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective study of visits (N = 58 771) made to 142 pediatricians in a national primary care practice-based research network. During 20 consecutive practice days, physicians and parents completed questionnaires for referred patients, and office staff kept logs of all visits. Physicians used medical records to complete questionnaires 3 months after referrals were made. RESULTS: Pediatricians referred patients to specialists during 2.3% of office visits. Referrals made during telephone conversations with parents accounted for 27.5% of all referrals. The most common reason for referral was advice on diagnosis or treatment (74.3%). Referrals were made most commonly to surgical subspecialists (52.3%), followed by medical subspecialists (27.9%), nonphysicians (11.4%), and mental health practitioners (8.4%). Physicians requested a consultation or a referral with shared management in 75% of cases. Otitis media was the condition referred most often (9.2%). Fifty other conditions accounted for 84.3% of all referrals. CONCLUSIONS: About 1 in 40 pediatric visits result in referral. Getting advice from a specialist is the most common reason for referral. Pediatricians desire a collaborative relationship with specialists for most of their referred patients. Physician training to increase clinical competence may be most useful for the 50 most commonly referred conditions. Education concerning the referral process should focus on the respective roles of the referring physician and specialist, particularly as they pertain to successful approaches for comanaging referred patients.

Neonatal submandibular sialadenitis.

Abscess of the salivary glands in the neonatal period is a rare occurrence and almost always involves the parotid gland. A case of suppurative sialadenitis and abscess involving the submandibular gland in a neonate is presented. The diagnosis and management of this uncommon disease are discussed. A review of the literature revealed only three cases of isolated submandibular sialadenitis in neonates.