[Vitamin and mineral supplements in the diet of military personnel: effect on the balance of iron, copper and manganese, immune reactivity and physical work-capacity].

Conducted with the participation of 50 students of military educational study the effect of various vitamin and mineral complexes for the provision by the body naturally iron, copper and manganese on the immune and physical status. Found that diets enriched BMV was accompanied by a significant delay in the micro-elements, mainly iron, which indicates a deficiency of these bioelements in chickens Santo during the summer. Under the influence of vitamin-mineral complexes significantly increased rates of natural and specific immunity. As the delay increases significantly increased iron medical indicators of immunological reaction efficiency and physical performance.

[The specific features of copper and manganese metabolism in the use of iron-containing preparations].

AIM: To comparatively evaluate the efficiency of preventive treatment with various iron preparations on copper, manganese, and iron metabolic features in adult athletes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty adult highly qualified sambo wrestlers were examined and divided into 4 groups of 10 persons in each. Group 1 athletes took iron-containing Sorbifer Durules in combination with ascorbic acid; Group 2 received Ferro Gradumet Vitamin C; Group 3 had Hemofer and ascorbic acid; Group 4 took ascorbic acid tablets. The latter group served as a control. Blood samples (15-20 ml) to be tested were taken at the beginning and end of 2-week use of iron preparations. The daily balance of iron, copper, and manganese was estimated following 7-day intake of these preparations. RESULTS: The use of iron-containing preparations in combination with ascorbic acid was ascertained to be accompanied by an increment in the plasma concentration of iron and blood corpuscles, indicating an increased need for this biotic and its deficiency in athletes. When the dose of iron was increased in the iron preparations, there was a substantial rise in the excretion of copper, manganese in particular, through the gastrointestinal tract and kidney and a negative balance of these trace elements in the body. CONCLUSION: Dietary addition of foods containing large amounts of ferrous iron, copper, and manganese is indicated for athletes exposed to higher intensity exercises.

[Manganese provision in trained and untrained schoolchildren and students in different seasons].

Examination of trained (43 skiers) and untrained senior schoolchildren (31 senior schoolchildren), low-order students-skiers (n = 110) and untrained (n = 17) students, high-order students-skiers (n = 39) and students not going in for sports (n = 60) established that in schoolchildren and students of both groups, the content of manganese in the blood plasma and corpuscles in the trained and untrained schoolchildren and students largely depended on the pattern of muscle activity rather than a season. In young skiers and high-order athletes, the level of manganese in both blood fractions was much higher almost at all stages of a follow-up, especially in the periods of increased training and race loads than that in the untrained persons of their age. In all the groups of senior schoolchildren and students, the dietary intake of manganese was season-independent and less than the recommended values, in schoolchildren in particular. In almost all, manganese balance was negative in both winter and summer. The exception was untrained group of students in whom manganese balance was positive in winter due the higher dietary content of the trace than that in other groups.

[Copper content in the organisms of trained and non-trained high school and students in different seasons].

Senior pupils (boys) and students (boys and girls) who go in for sports (skies), were tested to define the copper content on plasma and erythrocytes blood. At was determined, that the content of copper in blood depends mostly on season, but not on physical activity. The maximum content was detected in autumn and spring and minimal--winter and summer. At that, the copper content in male schoolchildren and students was lower than in female students. The concentration of copper in erythrocytes depended mainly not season, but on physical activity. Under intensive training the content of alimentary copper in schoolchildren and students, who go in far sports, was higher in autumn and winter than in summer and more than in non-sportsmen. The copper content in rations of schoolchildren and students was considerably lower the norm in summer and especially in winter

[Immunological responsiveness in trained and untrained schoolchildren and students during a school year].

Examination of trained (43 skiers) and untrained senior schoolchildren (31 young males); low-order students-skiers (110 girls) and untrained students (17 girls); high-order students-skiers (n=39) and students not going in for sports (n=60) established that in school children and female students of both groups, the cellular and humoral immunogical changes were mainly seasonal: in spring versus autumn, a considerable reduction in the concentration of immunoglobulins (Ig) G, M, and A and circulating immune complexes (CIC) was attended by a significant B-immunity system increase. In the high-order skiers, the time course of changes in immunological responsiveness depended on both a season and a muscle activity regime. In autumn with the start of intensive training loads, the vast majority of immune defense parameters (9/12) were significantly higher in the trained skiers than in the untrained. In spring versus autumn, despite a significant reduction in many cellular and humoral immunological parameters with a considerable increase in the count of T and B lymphocytes in both groups of students, many parameters, in particular the levels of T and B lymphocytes, IgG, and CIC usually remained higher in the sporting students than those in the untrained students of the same age.

[Prevention of iron deficiencies in high-qualification athletes].

The studies of 39 high-grade unarmed self-defense sportsmen established that enrichment of diets with a complex of vitamins and trace elements in combination with adaptogens in the summer period of training was followed by an increase in the concentration of iron in the plasma and blood corpuscles and in the count of red blood cells, the supply of vitamin C, and the level of efficiency. With a significantly improved iron metabolism, the parameters of immunological responsiveness substantially increased. At the same time the greatest increase in the proportion of performance and natural, cellular, and humoral immunity was observed in the sportsmen taking micronutrients with eleutherococcus, and ginseng in particular, as compared with those using a vitamin-micronutrient complex with dibasol.

[Correction of iron and immune deficiencies in students from a higher humanitarian educational establishment].

Examinations of 29 female students of a study medical group have ascertained that daily addition of vitamins (ascorutin, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, and folic acid) to a diet resulted in a slight enhancement in trace element metabolism and hence in an increase in the intestinal and renal excretion of iron, copper, and manganese. Two-week dietary supplement of vitamins in combination with trace elements (iron, copper, and manganese) caused a considerable retention of iron and manganese concurrently with a higher excretion of copper from the body. At the same time, the higher rate of hemopoiesis and the elevated plasma levels of iron and formed blood elements, and the rise in non-specific responsiveness and physical fitness were more noticeable as compared to their normal values. A significant positive correlation was found between the direct and indirect indices of iron metabolism on one hand and the parameters of natural immunity defense and physical fitness on the other.

[Iron provision and immunological responsiveness in athletic students in different seasons].

The studies of 39 highly skilled sambo wrestlers and 60 medical students from a study group ascertained that the dietary levels of iron in the students going in for sports was close to the physiological requirements in winter; it was twice less than the normal values. The daily balance of iron was negative. The trend of blood iron levels was pronouncedly seasonal. The maximum concentrations of iron in plasma and formed blood elements were noted in all the students in autumn and the minimum ones were observed in spring and especially summer months. At almost all stages of an all-year-round follow-up, the levels of iron in the plasma was lower while those in the formed elements were higher in the sportsmen than those in the untrained students. The immunological responsiveness changes largely depended on the season rather than the students' motor activity. At almost all the stages of the follow-up, the concentrations of T and B lymphocytes, phagocytic parameters, and the number of circulating immune complexes were significantly higher in highly skilled sportsmen than in the untrained students.

[Supply of iron and status of immunologic reactivity in older schoolchildren at various times of the year]. / Obespechennost' zhezom i sostoianie immunologicheskoi reaktivnosti u starshikh shkol'nikov v raznoe vremia goda

The content of iron in foods consumed by schoolchildren in winter was found to be much lower than the recommended one. In summer dietary iron consumption proved to be twice less than that in winter and 3 times less than the physiological allowance for this age. The indices of cellular and humoral immunity during a school year changed in diametrically opposite direction: increases in the count of T and B lymphocytes in winter and, especially, spring months were attended by a concurrent and significant reduction in the content of immunoglobulins G, M, and A. There was a significant rise in the indices of phagocytosis in winter as compared to autumn and their drastic reduction in spring as compared to winter.

[Providing athletes with trace elements during intensive exercise]. / Obespechenie organizma sportsmenov mikroélementami pri bol'shoi fizicheskoi nagruzke.

On the day of 30-km cross-country running, the content of iron, copper, and manganese in the diets of highly skilled adult athletes was found to be in the lower normal physiological range for those who do not go in for sports. During intensive exercise the intestinal and renal excretion of these substances was much greater than their dietary intake. The balance of all three substances was negative. Losses of iron and copper were not compensated for in the presence of their inadequate intake in the subsequent 3 days of rest following the race. The enrichment of diets with a complex of iron, copper, and manganese resulted in their retention in the athletes. As medical iron intake increased, there was a significant rise in the excretion of copper and manganese through the gastrointestinal tract.

[Microelements balance and correction in athletes++ under high muscular load]. / Balans mikro'elementov i ego korrektsiya u sportsmenov pod vozdelstvieem bol'shol myshechnol nagruzki.

The balance studies among the high-qualified adult sportsmen during the winter period of practices had shown that of the day of a 30-km cross the contents of iron, copper and manganese in the food ration fell to the lowest level of the physiological standard of people not going into sports due to sufficient physical load the process of microcomponents' secretion through bowels and kidneys was outstripping their replenishment from food. The balance of all three microcomponents was negative. During the following three days after the cross due to disbalanced food ration caused by the content of microcomponents the losses of iron and copper were not compensated. The enrichment of the food rations by the set of components caused the hold-up of iron, copper and manganese in sportsmen bodies. The increased usage of the medical iron resulted in sufficient growth of copper and manganese excretion through alimentary canal.

[The causes, diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency states in the population (a review)]. / Prichiny, diagnostika i lechenie zhelezodefitsitnykh sostoianii naseleniia (obzor).

Investigation has indicated that the main cause of blood iron deficiency is insufficient dietary intake of iron, vitamins, and proteins. The comprehensive examination of all iron metabolism-associated indices may identify iron deficiency, hematological parameteres being much more preferred. Iron drugs in combination with other trace elements, vitamins, and amino acids should be prescribed in this abnormality.

[Effect of vitamin supplementation on the metabolism of iron, copper and manganese in athletes]. / Vliianie priëma vitaminov na obmen zheleza, medi i margantsa v organizme sportsmenov.

The intake of vitamins C, P or vitamin complex (ascorutine, thiamine, riboflavine, pyridoxine, cyan cobalamin, folic acid) influenced direct and indirect indexes of iron, copper, and manganese metabolism increasing excretion of these biotics through intestinal tract and kidneys of sportsmen skiers. Addition of vitamin complex with trace elements and macroelements to the ration improved iron and copper balance in the body and functional status of athletes better than vitamins alone.

[Changes in the content of iron, copper and manganese in animals during disadaptation caused by heavy loads]. / Izmenenie soderzhaniia zheleza, medi i margantsa v organizme zhivotnykh pri dizadaptatsii, vyzvannoi vozdeistviem bol'shikh nagruzok.

The exchange of microelements in the animal organisms under the influence of overtraining with static loads has been studied. In chronic experiments on 11 male dogs of impure-breed by the method of emission spectral analysis it has been established that the heavy physical loads cause the decrease of iron content in blood and a simultaneous reduction of the iron content and, partially, copper and manganese content in the internal organs of animals. The addition of microelements to the usual food allowance promotes the faster restoring of the violated microelement balance and animals' capacity for work.

[Effect of the intake of different doses of trace elements and their combination with other biologically active substances on iron, copper and manganese metabolism in highly qualified athletes]. / Vliianie priema razlichnykh doz mikroélementov i ikh sochetanii s drugimi biologicheski aktivnymi veshchestvami na obmen zheleza, medi i margantsa u sportsmenov vysokoi kvalifikatsii.

Investigations conducted on athletes have shown that combinations of trace elements (Fe, Cu and Mn) in biotic doses with vitamins, glutamic acid or dibasol produce a favourable effect on trace element metabolism, and on the body functions. Enrichment of food rations with vitamins only, using no trace elements, drastically increased the secretion of Fe, Cu and Mn from the body. High doses of Fe-containing drugs disturbed Mn balance.

[Iron, copper and manganese metabolism in young sportsmen on diets supplemented with vitamins and microelements]. / Obmen zheleza, medi i margantsa v organizme iunykh sportsmenov pri vitaminnykh i mikroélementnykh dobavkakh k ratsionam pitaniia.

Young skiers and untrained schoolchildren were under observation. During autumn, they manifested an increase in trace elements in the blood, particularly iron and copper, whereas in spring and summer, a dramatic fall of these elements. Supplementation of the diets with vitamins did not produce any demonstrable beneficial effect on metabolism of trace elements. Intake of vitamins in conjunction with iron, copper and manganese was followed by a more pronounced increase, as compared with the "vitamin" and especially with the control groups, in hemoglobin, red cell count, ceruloplasmin activity and by the increment of trace elements in the blood in the presence of high retention of iron and manganese in the body.