[Capabilities of cytological assay in the detection of metastatic lesions of the lymph nodes].

The study was undertaken to define the capabilities of cytological assay in the detection of metastatic lymph node lesions. A total of 6794 lymph nodes, including 5206 fine-needle biopsy specimens of and 1588 scrapes and imprints of the lymph nodes taken from the patients operated on at the P. A. Herzen Moscow Oncological Research Institute, were analyzed. Cytological specimens were stained using the modified Pappenheim procedure (azur-eosin mixtures). The results of the cytological assay were compared with those of a planned histological examination of the lymph nodes. Overall, the accuracy of the cytological technique was 99%; false-negative and false-positive results were 0.8 and 0.2%, respectively. That of intraoperative cytological diagnosis of metastatic lymph node lesions was 99.2%. The cytological technique for examining the lymph nodes is a simple, available, and valid method of morphological diagnosis. Errors can be made in cases of micrometastases, sinus histiocytosis. There may be problems in the differential diagnosis of tumor cells and inflammatory elements.

[Cytological changes in the cervix uteri and bacterial vaginosis]. / Tsitologicheskie izmeneniia sheiki matki i bakterial'nyi vaginoz.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a highly prevalent infectious disease causing numerous complications in obstetrics, gynecology, and in the newborns. The necessity of investigating BV is explained by its increasing incidence, including its asymptomatic forms, its probable sexual transmission, and its possible role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases of the cervix uteri because of exposure of the squamous epithelium of the cervix uteri, permanently regenerating and therefore highly sensitive to unfavorable effects, to high concentrations of opportunistic microorganisms. Our findings indicate that women with BV, particularly those with signs of another infection, are at risk of diseases of the cervix uteri. The risk group can be detected by simple and available methods for detecting BV with obligatory cytological studies, particularly in cases with inflammatory processes, and additional tests for associated infections (chlamydiosis, herpes simplex, etc.), whose role in the pathogenesis of cervical diseases is well known.

[The cytological characteristics of the squamous epithelium of the cervix uteri in women living under the conditions of an elevated radiation background]. / Tsitologicheskie kharakteristiki ploskogo épiteliia sheiki matki u zhenshchin, prozhivaiushchikh v uslioviiakh povyshennogo radiatsionnogo fonda.

Cytomorphological signs of epithelial cells were analyzed in scraping off the cervix uteri of 607 women living in the zone of increased radiation background. The examined group consisted mainly of women aged 30 to 50. In 9.3% (57 cases) dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium were revealed, among which slight dysplasia predominated -- basal-cell hyperactivity (40 cases). No cases of malignant transformation were detected. The authors noted some signs which commonly do not occur in the absence of an increased radiation background and may be conditionally regarded as a result of indirect effect of radiation on female cells.

[Cytomorphological criteria of atypical hyperplasia and cancer of the endometrium based on data from a multivariate statistical analysis]. / Tsitomorfologicheskie kriterii atipicheskoi giperplazii i raka éndometriia po dannym mnogomernogo statisticheskogo analiza.

Multifactorial statistical analysis was used to identify differential diagnostic cytological features of glandular hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Twelve cytological features were identified for calculating linear discriminant function. The effectiveness of the diagnostic algorithm depends upon the diagnostic value of the sample and proficiency of the cytologist.

[Differential diagnostic cytologic signs of atypical hyperplasia and cancer of the endometrium]. / Differentsial'no-diagnosticheskie tsitologicheskie priznaki atipicheskoi giperplazii i raka éndometriia.

Computerized multifactorial analysis of 56 cytologic features was performed in 135 cases suffering glandular and atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma (45 patients in each group). The established regularities enabled students to differentiate between hyperplasia and cancer in 95% of cases in classes and in 73-83% at examination.

[The role of cytological studies in evaluating the severity of dysplasia during prophylactic gynecological examinations (cooperative study)]. / Znachenie tsitologicheskogo issledovaniia v otsenke tiazheloi displazii pri profilakticheskikh ginekologicheskikh osmotrakh (kooperirovannoe issledovanie).

Cytologic examination of scrapings from the uterine cervix was carried out in 498 patients in whom moderate or severe dysplasia of the squamous epithelium or suspicion for cancer were established in the course of gynecologic screening. The said pathology was diagnosed in 0.63% of screeneses. Cytologic follow-up of 57 cases of severe dysplasia established that, in patients over 40 years of age, it tended to progress to Ca in situ. This tendency was registered within 6-36 months and continued after a second biopsy. Severe dysplasia did not recur in the 20-40 year-old group. The extent of cervical biopsy (excision or conization) in severe dysplasia should be considered versus patients' age.

[Cytological classification of precancer and cancer of the cervix uteri]. / Tsitologicheskaia klassifikatsiia predraka i raka sheiki matki.

A cytological classification of dysplasia, intraepithelial and invasive cancer of the cervix uteri is suggested. Cytologic criteria for differential diagnosis are discussed. Cytologic diagnosis of precancer and cancer made on the basis of the said classification was verified in 63.5 and 97.3%, respectively.

[Cytological classifications of precancerous conditions and cancer of the lung, breast, esophagus and stomach]. / Tsitologicheskie klassifikatsii predrakovykh sostoianii i raka legkogo, molochnoi zhelezy, pishchevoda i zheludka.

Cytological classifications of cancer and precancerous lesions of the lung, breast, esophagus and stomach are suggested. They are based on the analysis of the results of research and practical experience gained at the Institute in the treatment of more than 2,000 cases. The cytological classifications are in conformity with those of WHO and provide for identification of malignancy, histological pattern, degree of tumor differentiation as well as the degree of dysplasia in precancerous lesions.

[Cytological characteristics of severe dysplasia, intraepithelial cancer and stage IA cancer of the cervix uteri based on multivariate analysis (joint study)]. / Tsitologicheskie priznaki tiazheloi displazii, vnutriépitelial'nogo raka i raka IA stadii sheiki matki po dannym mnogomernogo statisticheskogo analiza. (kooperirovannoe issledovanie).

The investigation was concerned with a computer statistical analysis of 40 cytological indexes of severe dysplasia, intraepithelial cancer and stage IA carcinoma of cervix uteri. It was found that, irrespective of stage, of major importance are such factors as atypia of cells and nuclei, cell division rate, keratinization involving the formation of specific structures, increasing atypia of cells accompanied by high-rate division and reduction in variety of cell functions.

[Cytological method in the emergency surgical diagnosis of cancer at different sites]. / Tsitologicheskii metod v srochnoi operatsionnoi diagnostike raka razlichnykh lokalizatsii.

The results of 1,215 emergency surgical cytological assays conducted in 619 cases of cancer and some other malignant tumors are presented. Specimens were obtained by puncture of primary tumor, swollen lymph nodes, indurations and infiltrations, by attrition of primary tumor, serous surfaces and surgical incisions, from serous cavity fluids and imprints of bioptical material. The results of emergency cytological diagnosis of cancer and other malignant tumors were confirmed in 95% of cases.

[Detection of threatened pathology and cancer of the cervix uteri during prophylactic examinations (based on the results of a cooperative study)]. / Vyiavlenie ugrozhaemoi patologii i raka sheiki matki pri profilakticheskikh osmotrakh (po rezul'tatam kooperirovannogo issledovaniia).

Preliminary results are reported on the coordinating studies, conducted by the five oncological institutions of the Russia Federation on elaborating cytological criteria of the cervical epithelium malignant transformation. The material under investigation was the smears taken at mass prophylactic examinations. A group of women (512) with high cancer risk pathology has been distinguished--/various degree of dysplasia, preinvasive cancer, cancer in stage Ia/. A special card of cytological signs (including 40 criteria) was worked out for a computer analysis to select the major signs of malignancy which might contribute to establishing the most precise morphological diagnosis.