[The standardization of diagnostic of paroxysmal night hemoglobinuria cytometry].

The flow cytometry becomes a more and more largely applied technique. However, the sufficient novelty of technique has no worked-out standards of diagnostic of many diseases. The lacking of external control of quality promotes development of large variety of approaches to diagnostic of diseases and impossibility to compare the study results from different laboratories. The paroxysmal night hemoglobinuria is an acquired clonal disease characterized by proliferation of stem cells with partial or total loss of expression of glykosylphosphosphatidyl inositol anchor needed to conjugate a number of surface proteins. The flow cytometry is a basic technique of detection and monitoring of clone of paroxysmal night hemoglobinuria. The article presents the results of paroxysmal night hemoglobinuria testing of 8 patients in 6 independent laboratories using flow cytometry by standard protocol recommended by the International society of clinical cytometrists (ICCS).

[The efficacy of polychromatic visible and infrared radiation used for the postoperative immunological rehabilitation of patients with breast cancer].

The immunological rehabilitation of the patients with oncological problems after the completion of standard anti-tumour therapy remains a topical problem in modern medicine. The up-to-date phototherapeutic methods find the increasingly wider application for the treatment of such patients including the use of monochromatic visible (VIS) and near infrared (nIR) radiation emitted from lasers and photodiodes. The objective of the present study was to substantiate the expediency of postoperative immune rehabilitation of the patients with breast cancer (BC) by means of irradiation of the body surface with polychromatic visible (pVIS) in combination with polychromatic infrared (pIR) light similar to the natural solar radiation without its minor UV component. The study included 19 patients with stage I--II BC at the mean age of 54.0 +/- 4.28 years having the infiltrative-ductal form of the tumour who had undergone mastectomy. These patients were randomly allocated to two groups, one given the standard course of postoperative rehabilitation (control), the other (study group) additionally treated with pVIS + pIR radiation applied to the lumbar-sacral region from days 1 to 7 after surgery. A Bioptron-2 phototherapeutic device, Switzerland, was used for the purpose (480-3400 nm, 40 mW/cm2, 12 J/cm2, with the light spot diameter of 15 cm). The modern standard immunological methods were employed. It was found that mastectomy induced changes of many characteristics of cellular and humoral immunity; many of them in different patients were oppositely directed. These changes were apparent within the first 7 days postoperatively. The course of phototherapy (PT) was shown to prevent the postoperative decrease in the counts of monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, the total amount of CD3+ -T-lymphocytes (LPC), CD4+ -T-helpers, activated T-lymphocytes (CD3+ HLA-DR+ cells) and IgA levels as well as intracellular digestion rate of neutrophil-phagocyted bacteria. Moreover PT promoted faster normalization of postoperative leukocytosis and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ -T-LPC, reduced the elevated concentration of immune complexes in blood. Among the six tested cytokines, viz. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma, only the latter two underwent significant elevation of their blood concentrations (IL-6 within 1 day) and IFN-gamma (within 7 days after mastectomy). The course of PT resulted in the decrease of their levels to the initial values. The follow-up of the treated patients during 4 years revealed neither recurrence of the disease nor the appearance of metastases.

Tyloxapol attenuates the pathologic effects of endotoxin in rabbits and mortality following cecal ligation and puncture in rats by blockade of endotoxin receptor-ligand interactions.

We have previously demonstrated that the detergent Tyloxapol is effective in preventing reactions to endotoxin. We studied the effects of Tyloxapol on the morbidity and mortality from endotoxemia in rabbits and on the mortality in rats with sepsis. The effects of Tyloxapol on endotoxin binding and macrophage activation were studied in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and CHO cells expressing CD14. Isolated human leukocytes were used to study the effects of Tyloxapol on immune reactions, leukocyte motility, and phagocytosis. Intravenous Tyloxapol (200 mg/kg), given prior to or at the time of endotoxin infusion protected rabbits from developing shock. In rats with peritoneal sepsis, a lipid-rich diet and Tyloxapol given at the time of induction of peritonitis protected them from septic death. In vitro, Tyloxapol blocked the binding of endotoxin to murine macrophages and CHO cells expressing CD14, activation of macrophages, and also some antigen-antibody immune reactions (mediated by CD2, CD4, CD22, HLA-DR). Tyloxapol may prevent the reaction to endotoxin by desensitizing endotoxin-recognizing receptors.

[Changes in the expression of membrane markers and in the number of human blood monocytes after single and repeated courses of visible and infrared light at therapeutic doses]. / Izmeneniia ékspressii membrannykh markerov i kolichestva mononuklearov krovi cheloveka posle ee oblucheniia in vivo i in vitro vidimym i infrakrasnym svetom v terapevticheskikh dozakh.

An attempt has been made to prove that the immunomodulating effect of therapeutic doses of polychromatic visible + infrared polarized (VIP) light at its application to a small body surface area is connected with a transcutaneous photomodification of a small amount of blood in superficial skin microvessels. For this purpose, in parallel experiments, using monoclonal antibodies, the membrane phenotype of circulating blood mononuclears was studied after irradiation of volunteers, of samples of their blood in vitvo, and of a mixture of the irradiated and non-irradiated autologous blood in a 1:10 volume ratio, thereby modeling events in vivo, when a small amount of the transcutaneously photomodified blood in the vascular bed contacts its main circulating volume. In this variant of experiment, a great similarity has been established of changes in expression of mononuclear membrane markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD16, HLA-DR and to a lesser degree of CD25); the ability has been proven of the photomodified blood to "translate" the light-induced changes to a much higher volume of non-irradiated blood, which might represent a mechanism of the systemic immunomodulating effect of phototherapy. Under conditions in vivo and in vitro, the most "reactive" were HLA-DR+, CD20+, CD16+, CD4+, and 0-cells. An increase of the total number of lymphocytes and monocytes has been shown by the end of the 10-day-long phototherapeutic course. The regulatory character of the single and course sessions of the VIP light on the blood immunocompetent cells is substantiated: depending on the initial state of the immune system, the VIP light can produce both stimulating and inhibitory effect on lymphoid cell subpopulations, which opens large possibilities of using this method for correction of immunological disturbances in diseases of different etiopathogenesis.

[Immunomodulator Cycloferon in the comprehensive treatment of patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia]. / Immunomoduliator tsikloferon v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh ostrimy nelimfoblastichnymi leikozami.

The therapeutic benefit and action of the immunomodulator Cycloferon were evaluated in patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. When administered in conjunction with chemotherapy during first complete remission, it reduced both early-onset relapse frequency and degree of cytostatic-induced immune deficiency. The drug's action is mediated by changes taking place in cytokine and interferon synthesis.

[Immunologic monitoring and immune reconstitution in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow]. / [Immunomonitoring i immunorekonstitutsiia retsipientov allogennogo kostnogo mozga]

The dynamics of different peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD22+, DR+, CD25+ and CD16+) and levels of serum cytokines TNFa and IL1 beta were evaluated in 10 patients with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). It was established that initially low levels of practically all the lymphoid subsets studied came back to normal in patients with favorable post-BMT course, while, in unfavorable post-BMT course (GVHD or relapse), the levels of said lymphoid subsets remained unchanged or even dropped. Post-BMT increase in serum TN alpha level can be of prognostic value for GVHD development whereas serum IL1 beta level does not correlate with post-BMT course.

[A granulopoiesis inhibitor. Synthesis and biological activity]. / Ingibitor granulopoéza. Sintez i biologicheskaia aktivnost'.

Three schemes of synthesis for pentapeptide Glp-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys-OH were compared was carried out. Acetamidomethyl protection was used for the mercapto group of cysteine. For the same purpose, cystine was used as the starting compound for synthesis. The optimal method was shown to be the solid phase method with S-acetamidomethyl cysteine protection that can be removed by mercuric acetate before the cleavage of a peptide from a polymer. The stabilized peptide inhibits proliferation of bone marrow cells of patients with chronic myeloleukemia 5- to 20-fold and has a less pronounced effect (up to 2-fold inhibition) on peripheral blood cells. Thus, its application for the therapy of hemoblastoses is promising.

[Experience with the use of reaferon (alfa 2-interferon) for treating patients with chronic myeloleukemia]. / Opyt primeneniia reaferona (al'fa 2-interferona) dlia lecheniia bol'nykh khronicheskim mieloleikozom.

The effectiveness of domestic alpha 2-interferon preparation reaferon was studied in vivo and in vitro for eradication of pathological hemopoietic clone in chronic myeloid leukemia. Reaferon administration for 1-30 months produced cytogenetic remission in 7%, hematological remission in 21%, partial hematological remission in 36% of the patients. Reaferon is indicated in chronic myeloid leukemia without splenomegaly. In the disease progression reaferon is uneffective. Mechanism of reaferon therapeutic action comprises three components: a direct antiproliferative effect on hemopoietic precursor cells, activation of cellular immunity, an effect on stem cell microenvironment.

[The characteristics of CD18, CD11b, CD4, CD8 and CD3 antigen expression detectable by ICO monoclonal antibodies in the blood of hemoblastosis patients]. / Osobennosti ékspressii antigenov CD18, CD11b, CD4, CD8, CD3, vyiavliaemykh monoklonal'nymi antitelami serii IKO, v krovi bol'nykh gemoblastozami.

CD18-positive cells (beta-chain of antigen LFA-1), cells CD11b+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+ were quantified in the blood of 32 acute leukemia patients, 38 chronic lymphoid leukemia patients and 15 mature-cell lymphosarcoma patients. A standard reaction of indirect immunofluorescence was employed using ICO monoclonal antibodies. Alterations in the content and in the proportions of the main effector populations in the peripheral blood of hemoblastosis patients were observed. These were more apparent in the unfavourable course of acute leukemia and in chronic lymphoid leukemia. The defect was more marked in CD18+ and CD11b+ cells expressing antigen LFA-I. Reduced expression of LFA-I considerably contributes to impairment of antitumor resistance in hemoblastosis.