ABSTRACT
The social norms marketing approach is one method used to reduce extreme alcohol consumption. The current study implemented a web-based survey (N = 891) to assess whether sensation-seeking, perceived moderate drinking norms, and social norm message believability impacted alcohol consumption on a college campus. Sensation seeking was not directly related to normative perceptions of others' moderate alcohol consumption. Sensation seeking, perceived norms, and message believability all had direct effects on alcohol consumption, and the interaction of sensation seeking and message believability impacted alcohol consumption, while the interaction of sensation seeking and perceived norms on alcohol consumption was marginally significant. Implications of these findings for the social norms marketing approach are discussed.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Health Promotion/methods , Peer Group , Social Marketing , Social Perception , Students/psychology , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Alcoholism/prevention & control , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Internet , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Risk-Taking , Sensation , Social Conformity , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
We initially evaluated in mice the ability of naked DNA encoding intracellular forms of the E1E2 envelope proteins from HCV to induce antibody responses and compared the responses induced with the same plasmid adsorbed onto cationic poly (lactide co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles. Although naked DNA was only able to induce detectable responses at the 100 microg dose level, making this approach impractical for evaluation in larger animals, PLG/DNA induced detectable responses at 10 microg. In addition, the PLG/DNA microparticles induced significantly enhanced responses to naked DNA when compared at the same dose level. Remarkably, PLG/DNA induced comparable responses to recombinant E1E2 protein adjuvanted with the emulsion MF59. Furthermore, PLG/DNA effectively primed for a booster response with protein immunization, while naked DNA did not. Therefore, PLG/DNA was selected for further evaluation in a non-human primate model. In a study in rhesus macaques, PLG/DNA induced seroconversion in 3/3 animals following three immunizations. Although the antibody responses appeared lower than those induced with recombinant protein adjuvanted with MF59, following a fourth dose, PLG/DNA and protein induced comparable responses. However, a single booster dose of recombinant protein administered to the animals previously immunized with PLG/DNA induced much higher responses. In addition, one of three animals immunized with PLG/DNA showed a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In conclusion, cationic PLG microparticles with adsorbed HCV DNA generates potent immune responses.
