The Importance of Professional Discourse for the Continual Advancement of Practice Standards: The RBT® as a Case in Point.

The Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB®) created a third level of certification, the Registered Behavior Technician™ (RBT®) in 2014. The RBT® was created based upon the requests of stakeholders who wanted to credential those individuals who make direct contact with clients under the supervision of a Board Certified Behavior Analyst®. There has been tremendous growth in the number of RBTs® with over 60,000 individuals certified to date. The BACB® recently sent out a newsletter outlining changes to the RBT® certification, including the processes of training, supervising, and becoming an RBT®. These changes represent a number of potential concerns. The purpose of this paper is to highlight these concerns and to propose solutions to improve the RBT® certification.

Upon Further Reflection: View from the Other Side of "Windows on the 21st Century".

Three points discussed in Glenn (1993) are reviewed in the context of current events: the discipline of behavior analysis as a cultural system, the importance of that discipline in the training and regulation of behavior analytic practitioners, and Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) as a cultural subsystem that links to all the other parts and therefore links the other parts to one another. Noting similarities between behavior analysis and biology, I consider the growth of biological sciences as a model for behavior analysis. Of particular importance for biology has been the role of basic biological sciences in the practice of medicine and the resulting feedback loops that have developed among its basic sciences, applied sciences, and medical practice. I suggest that behavior analysis explicitly follow this model and that ABAI has a critical role to play in leading the field to developing the feedback loops that have integrated the biological sciences and medicine.

An Iterated Four-Player Prisoner's Dilemma Game with an External Selecting Agent: A Metacontingency Experiment / El juego del "Dilema del Prisionero" con cuatro participantes y un agente selector externo: un experimento metacontingencia

En esta serie de experimentos utilizamos un juego iterativo del "Dilema del Prisionero" (IPDG por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar el efecto de las metacontingencias sobre los productos agregados del comportamiento interrelacionado de cuatro jugadores. Los resultados del primer experimento muestran que las consecuencias de nivel cultural ("retroalimentación del mercado" en la forma de puntos entregados a todos los jugadores), contingentes con los productos agregados XXX o YYYY aumentaron la frecuencia de esas producciones. En experimentos posteriores, añadimos una condición de línea de base en la cual los jugadores experimentaron solo las contingencias conductuales individuales incorporadas en el juego. Luego impusimos la metacontingencia sobre el producto agregado XXXX, o de forma alternativa sobre YYYY. Después de varias reversiones, descontinuamos la metacontingencia y los jugadores comenzaron a experimentar nuevamente solo las contingencias individuales del juego. En un experimento utilizamos un control para evaluar el efecto de la retroalimentación del mercado de manera independiente de la relación metacontingencial. Los resultados indican que la consecuencia cultural (retroalimentación del mercado) controló la producción de productos agregados incluso cuando su magnitud era mínima, que la relación metacontingencial era necesaria, y que mantenía relaciones en el comportamiento de los individuos que tenían los peores resultados para todos los jugadores.

In these series of experiments we used an iterated prisoners' dilemma game (IPDG) to examine the effect of metacontingencies on aggregate products of the interrelated behavior of four players. Results of the first experiment showed that cultural level consequences ("market feedback" in the form of points delivered to all players) contingent on aggregate products XXXX or YYYY increased the frequency of those productions. In subsequent experiments we added a baseline condition where the players experienced only the individual behavioral contingencies embedded in the game. Then we imposed the metacontingency on the XXXX aggregate product or, alternatively, on YYYY. After several reversals, we discontinued the metacontingency and the players again experienced only the individual contingencies of the game. In one experiment we used a yoked control to assess the effect of market feedback independent from the metacontingency relation. Results indicate that the cultural consequence (market feedback) controlled production of aggregate products even when its magnitude was minimal, that the metacontingency relation was necessary, and that it maintained relations among the behavior of individuals which resulted in the worst individual outcomes for all players.

Effect of Resource Scarcity on Dyadic Fitness in a Simulation of Two-Hunter Nomoclones / Efectos de la escasez de recursos sobre la adaptabilidad diádica en una simulación de nomoclones de dos cazadores

Se condujeron dos experimentos en una Universidad en la cual díadas de estudiantes participaron en una simulación de cazadores que debían compartir su presa para mantener la adaptabilidad diádica (grupal). El compartir era una contingencia conductual entrelazada que contribuía a la supervivencia de la díada, conceptualizada como un nomoclón de cacería (Harris, 1964). La simulación incluyó seis temporadas de caza consecutivas en las cuales la variable antecedente de la escasez de presas fue manipulada como variable independiente. Los resultados del primer experimento no mostraron diferencias en la adaptabilidad diádica como función de la escasez de presas. En el segundo experimento, la diferencia entre condiciones de pobreza y riqueza se aumentó. En las condiciones de riqueza, todas las díadas se desempeñaron de forma similar a las del primer experimento. Sin embargo, en las condiciones de sucesiva pobreza, las díadas comenzaron menos adaptadas pero aumentaron su adaptabilidad progresivamente. De este modo, compartir contingencias entrelazadas fue más difícil en condiciones menos significativas de escasez, pero las mismas se hicieron más frecuentes con el tiempo. El experimento se discute a la luz de la visión de Skinner (1981) sobre la evolución cultural, la taxonomía de cosas culturales de Harris (1964) y la formulación de metacontingencias de Glenn (1988, 2004).

Two experiments were conducted in a college where students in dyads participated in a simulation of hunters who were required to share prey in order to maintain dyadic (group) fitness. The sharing was an interlocking behavioral contingency contributing to survival of the dyad, conceptualized as a hunting nomoclone (Harris, 1964). The simulation comprised 6 consecutive hunting seasons in which the antecedent variable of prey scarcity was manipulated as the independent variable. Results of the first experiment did not show a difference in dyadic fitness as a function of prey scarcity. In the second experiment the difference between poor and rich conditions was increased. In rich conditions, all the dyads performed similarly to those in the first experiment. However, in successive poor conditions, dyads started out less fit and became increasingly fit. Thus, sharing IBCs were more difficult to form under significant scarcity, but they became more frequent over time. The experiment is discussed in the context of Skinner's view (1981) about cultures evolution, Harris's (1964) taxonomy of cultural things, and Glenn's (1988, 2004) formulation of metacontingencies.

The effects of graduated exposure, modeling, and contingent social attention on tolerance to skin care products with two children with autism.

Children with autism may display unusual or fearful responses to common stimuli, such as skin care products. Parents of children with autism have often reported that their children will not allow the application of these types of substances to their skin and if the parent persists, the children become extremely upset and anxious. Such responding can interfere with adaptive functioning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a treatment package involving graduated exposure to steps in an avoidance hierarchy, modeling, and social attention on the responding of two children with autism who displayed fearful responses to skin care products. Both avoidance and acceptance responses to skin care products were measured. Both changing criteria and multiple baseline experimental designs were employed to assess the effects of the intervention package. The results suggest that the package was successful in teaching tolerance of skin products for both children.

Individual behavior, culture, and social change.

The principle of operant selection is examined as a prototype of cultural selection, and the role of the social environment is suggested as the critical element in the emergence of cultural phenomena. Operant contingencies are compared to cultural selection contingencies, designated as metacontingencies. Both of these types of contingency relations result in evolving lineages of recurrences that can become increasingly complex in the number and organization of their elements. In addition to its role in the recurring interlocking behavioral contingencies that constitute cultural organization, operant behavior plays another role in cultures. Although the operants of individuals are functionally independent of one another, the behavior of each person may contribute to a cumulative effect that is relevant to the well-being of many people. Similarly, the outcomes of metacontingencies may also contribute to a cumulative effect. The relation between independently evolving operant lineages, or between independently evolving cultural lineages, and their cumulative effect is identified as a macrocontingency. Macrocontingencies do not involve cultural-level selection per se. Effective cultural engineering requires identifying the macrocontingencies that produce less than desirable effects and altering the relevant operant contingencies or metacontingencies to produce change in the cumulative effects.

Linking self-experimentation to past and future science: Extended measures, individual subjects, and the power of graphical presentation.

The case for the value of self-experimentation in advancing science is convincing. Important features of the method include (1) repeated measures of individual behavior, over extended time, to discover cause/effect relations, and (2) vivid graphical presentations. Large-scale research on Pavlovian conditioning and weight control is needed because verification could result in easy and inexpensive mitigation of a serious public health problem.

Training and certifying behavior analysts.

Proper professional certification and training of behavior analysts who work with individuals with autism is critical in ensuring that those individuals receive the highest quality behavior analytic services. This article discusses the current issues surrounding certification of behavior analysts and describes the important features of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board and its credentials. The article also reviews approaches to the training of professional behavior analyst practitioners and discusses appropriate training content for behavior analysts who work with persons with autism. The interrelationship between training and certification is explored.