Sunscreen Practices and Preferences of Skin of Color Patients.

Sunscreen is an essential way to protect against photodamage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the recognized benefits of sunscreen in preventing skin damage from UV light, its use varies across different patient groups. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study aims to uncover the sunscreen usage patterns, preferences, and barriers among non-Hispanic White (NHW) and skin of color (SOC) individuals. Our findings demonstrate that NHW individuals are more likely to wear sunscreen daily (31% NHW vs 25% SOC) and reapply sunscreen at least once a day (76% NHW vs 45% SOC) compared with SOC individuals. SOC individuals demonstrate a willingness to use sunscreen, but they face barriers such as cost (2% NHW vs 16% SOC), lack of knowledge in finding suitable products (22% NHW vs 41% SOC), and concerns about white cast (7% NHW vs 25% SOC). SOC individuals are less likely to know the difference between mineral and chemical sunscreen (49% NHW vs 29% SOC), less likely to learn about sunscreen from dermatologists (36% NHW vs 22% SOC), and more likely to prefer sunscreen from brands owned by people of color (13% NHW vs 47% SOC).  In addition to analyzing the broader categories of NHW and SOC, subgroup analysis was conducted on specific subgroups, including Black, Asian, and Hispanic groups. Herein, we highlight differences in motivations, sunscreen preferences, sources of information, and knowledge levels about sun protection between NHW and SOC individuals. By uncovering the unique needs and challenges faced by SOC individuals, we aim to improve culturally competent patient education and promote effective sun protection practices across diverse populations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(6):456-462.     doi:10.36849/JDD.8268.

A fatal case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to neonatal lupus erythematosus.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an autoimmune disease caused by the passive transfer of autoantibodies from mother to child during pregnancy. A rare complication of NLE is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a potentially life-threatening hyperinflammatory state more commonly associated with other rheumatologic disorders. Herein, we describe a fatal case of NLE-associated HLH.

Characterization of wound microbes in epidermolysis bullosa: A focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The most common bacteria isolated from wound cultures in patients recorded in the Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database (EBCCOD) are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Given the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in this patient population and prior research implicating P. aeruginosa's potential role in carcinogenesis, we sought to further analyze patients with recorded wound cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the EBCCOD. We provide a descriptive analysis of this subset of patients and highlight potential avenues for future longitudinal studies that may have significant implications in our wound care management for patients with epidermolysis bullosa.

A retrospective analysis of diagnostic testing in a large North American cohort of patients with epidermolysis bullosa.

BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) has significant implications for prognosis, management, and genetic counseling. OBJECTIVE: To describe diagnostic testing patterns and assess diagnostic concordance of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence mapping (IFM), and genetic analysis for EB. METHODS: A retrospective cohort included patients enrolled in the Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database from January 1, 2004, to July 8, 2019. Tests concluding the same EB type (EB simplex, junctional EB, dominant dystrophic EB, and recessive dystrophic EB) were considered concordant; those concluding different EB types were considered discordant; and those with nonspecific/nondefinitive results were equivocal. RESULTS: A total of 970 diagnostic tests were conducted from 1984 to 2018 in 771 patients. Genetic analyses were performed chronologically later than IFM or TEM (P < .001). The likelihood of undergoing genetic analysis was greater for junctional EB and recessive dystrophic EB, and the same for dominant dystrophic EB as compared with EB simplex. TEM results in 163 patients were equivocal (55%), concordant (42%), and discordant (3%). IFM results in 185 patients were equivocal (54%), concordant (42%), and discordant (4%). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic testing has shifted in favor of genetic analysis. TEM and IFM frequently offer equivocal findings when compared to the specificity afforded by genetic analysis.

Periorbital hypopigmentation and telangiectasias: Clues to diagnosing neonatal lupus in skin of color.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a periorbital erythematous rash. Although post-inflammatory hypopigmentation and telangiectasias are known possible sequelae, these features may be particularly noticeable in skin of color. Herein, we describe two infants with skin of color in whom periorbital hypopigmentation and telangiectasias were clues to the diagnosis of NLE.

Heterogeneous cutaneous findings associated with intrauterine HSV infection: A case series and literature review.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection acquired in utero may present with non-vesicular dermatologic findings in affected newborns, which may pose a diagnostic dilemma. We aimed to describe and assess the range of non-vesiculobullous skin lesions that neonates with intrauterine HSV infection may manifest at birth. METHODS: We collected a multicenter case series and conducted a literature review of neonates with intrauterine HSV infection presenting with non-vesiculobullous cutaneous lesions. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases were reviewed, including six managed clinically by members of our team and 16 identified in the literature. Four (18%) were associated with twin pregnancies, and thirteen (59%) cases occurred in premature infants. Only four (18%) mothers had a documented history of HSV infection. Twelve (55%) cases resulted in poor outcomes, including long-term neurologic sequelae or death. Cutaneous manifestations included erosions, ulcerations, crusted papules or plaques, calcinosis cutis, excoriations, macules (erythematous, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented), cutaneous atrophy, contractures, and bruising. About one-third of neonates developed new-onset vesicular lesions within a week of birth; in each of these cases, accurate diagnosis and therapy were delayed until appearance of vesicles. CONCLUSIONS: The range of dermatologic findings associated with intrauterine HSV is extremely broad, and the various morphologies present at birth likely reflect different stages of the ongoing evolution of an HSV infection that began in utero. Clinicians should have a low threshold for HSV testing in premature neonates born with atypical cutaneous lesions, since early detection and treatment of HSV may reduce morbidity and mortality from systemic complications.

Association of Demographic Factors and Infantile Hemangioma Characteristics With Risk of PHACE Syndrome.

Importance: A 2010 prospective study of 108 infants estimated the incidence of PHACE (posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects, eye anomalies) syndrome to be 31% in children with facial infantile hemangiomas (IHs) of at least 22 cm2. There is little evidence regarding the associations among IH characteristics, demographic characteristics, and risk of PHACE syndrome. Objectives: To evaluate demographic characteristics and comorbidities in a large cohort of patients at risk for PHACE syndrome and assess the clinical features of large head and neck IH that may be associated with a greater risk of a diagnosis of PHACE syndrome. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study assessed all patients with a facial, head, and/or neck IH who were evaluated for PHACE syndrome from August 1, 2009, to December 31, 2014, at 13 pediatric dermatology referral centers across North America. Data analysis was performed from June 15, 2017, to February 29, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was presence or absence of PHACE syndrome. Data included age at diagnosis, sex, patterns of IH presentation (including size, segment location, and depth), diagnostic procedures and results, and type and number of associated anomalies. Results: A total of 238 patients (mean [SD] age, 2.96 [4.71] months; 184 [77.3%] female) were included in the analysis; 106 (44.5%) met the criteria for definite (n = 98) or possible (n = 8) PHACE syndrome. A stepwise linear regression model found that a surface area of 25 cm2 or greater (odds ratio [OR] 2.99; 95% CI, 1.49-6.02) and involvement of 3 or more locations (OR, 17.96; 95% CI, 6.10-52.85) to be statistically significant risk factors for PHACE syndrome. Involvement of the parotid gland (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.85) and segment S2 (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16-0.91) was associated with a lower risk. Race and ethnicity may also be associated with PHACE syndrome risk, although more studies are needed. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study further described factors associated with both a higher and lower risk of PHACE syndrome. The presence of multiple anatomical sites and large surface area were associated with greater risk, whereas S2 or parotid IHs were associated with lower, but still potential, risk. These findings can help in counseling families and decision-making regarding evaluation of infants with large head and neck IHs.

Proper Use and Compliance of Facial Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study of Hospitals in New York City.

Proper mask usage is a cornerstone of the prevention of COVID-19 transmission. Hospitals, in particular, are important settings for proper mask compliance due to the risk for viral exposure. Despite the presence of health care personnel and financial resources to ensure proper compliance, mask usage is variable in health care settings. The impact of mask compliance is particularly important in New York City (NYC) because of the burden of COVID-19 and at-risk demographics. We conducted a prospective observational study in 4 NYC hospitals assessing rates of proper mask compliance among adult patients entering the hospital. Six hundred unique individuals were observed for proper mask fit, exposure of the nose and mouth, and the presence of nontraditional face coverings in lieu of a mask at 4 NYC hospitals. Proper mask usage is a large health education gap that must be addressed by health care administrations and governmental agencies, as mask usage continues to be an effective form of COVID-19 prevention.

Characterization of wound microbes in epidermolysis bullosa: Results from the epidermolysis bullosa clinical characterization and outcomes database.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) require care of wounds that are colonized or infected with bacteria. A subset of EB patients are at risk for squamous cell carcinoma, and bacterial-host interactions have been considered in this risk. The EB Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database serves as a repository of information from EB patients at multiple centers in the United States and Canada. Access to this resource enabled broad-scale analysis of wound cultures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 739 wound cultures from 158 patients from 13 centers between 2001 and 2018. RESULTS: Of 152 patients with a positive culture, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was recovered from 131 patients (86%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) from 56 (37%), and Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) from 34 (22%). Sixty-eight percent of patients had cultures positive for methicillin-sensitive SA, and 47%, methicillin-resistant SA (18 patients had cultures that grew both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant SA at different points in time). Of 15 patients with SA-positive cultures with recorded mupirocin susceptibility testing, 11 had mupirocin-susceptible SA and 6 patients mupirocin-resistant SA (2 patients grew both mupirocin-susceptible and mupirocin-resistant SA). SCC was reported in 23 patients in the entire database, of whom 10 had documented wound cultures positive for SA, PA, and Proteus species in 90%, 50%, and 20% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SA and PA were the most commonly isolated bacteria from wounds. Methicillin resistance and mupirocin resistance were reported in 47% and 40% of patients tested, respectively, highlighting the importance of ongoing antimicrobial strategies to limit antibiotic resistance.

Perineal desquamation: An early sign of the Kawasaki disease phenotype of MIS-C.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Various phenotypes of MIS-C have been described including Kawasaki disease (KD). Although perineal desquamation is a known early sign of KD, to our knowledge, this rash has not yet been described in the KD phenotype of MIS-C. In this article, we report two patients in whom perineal desquamation was an early clue for the KD phenotype of MIS-C.

Recurrent reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME): Insights from a child with three episodes.

Reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME) was recently proposed to replace the term Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP)-induced rash and mucositis to account for the fact that non-MP pathogens may also cause rash and mucositis. In this report, we describe a unique case of recurrent RIME featuring a total of three episodes. As two of the episodes demonstrated contemporaneous infection with MP and group A streptococcus or influenza B, this case lends further support to use of the term RIME. In addition, although RIME typically involves at least two mucous membranes, this case shows that recurrent episodes may fall into the rare exception in which mucositis is limited to one site.

Skin cleansing and topical product use in patients with epidermolysis bullosa: Results from a multicenter database.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of inherited skin blistering diseases. There is currently no cure, and management includes skin protection and prevention of infection. To date, there has been no systematic investigation of home skin care practices among EB patients on a multicenter scale. METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational study included data collected from patients with EB enrolled in the Epidermolysis Bullosa Characterization and Clinical Outcomes Database (EBCCOD) who provided answers to a patient-directed questionnaire between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. RESULTS: Of 202 respondents, 130 (64.4%) had dystrophic EB, 51 (25.2%) had EB simplex, 21 (7.4%) had junctional EB, 3 (1.5%) had Kindler syndrome, and 3 (1.5%) had an unspecified subtype. Seventy-eight patients reported cleansing in plain water only (39%). Of those who used an additive in their cleansing water, 75 (57%) added salt, 71 (54%) added bleach, 36 (27%) added vinegar, and 34 (26%) endorsed the use of an "other" additive (multiple additives possible). Reported concentrations of additives ranged widely from 0.002% sodium hypochlorite and 0.002% acetic acid solutions, which are thought to have negligible effects on microbes, to 0.09% sodium hypochlorite and 0.156% acetic acid, concentrations shown to be cytotoxic. One hundred eighty-eight patients answered questions regarding topical product use (93%). Of those, 131 reported topical antimicrobial use (70%). Mupirocin and bacitracin were the most commonly reported topical antibiotics (59, 58 [31.4%, 30.9%], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the variety of skin care routines and frequent use of topical antimicrobials among EB patients and have potential implications for antibiotic resistance. The reported range of bleach and vinegar additives to cleansing water, including cytotoxic concentrations, emphasizes the need for clear and optimized skin cleansing recommendations.

Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 infection in a girl from Trinidad: Case report and review of literature.

Infective dermatitis (ID) associated with Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a rare form of severe superinfected eczema seen mostly in the Caribbean islands and Latin America. Although rapid response to antibiotic treatment is observed, patients should be monitored for development of complications associated with this retroviral infection, including T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infective dermatitis is rarely seen in the United States and therefore may be under-recognized by physicians unfamiliar with this condition. Herein, we present an additional case report of an ID associated with HTLV-1 in an 11-year-old girl from Trinidad.

Assessment of the Timing of Milestone Clinical Events in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa From North America.

Importance: Children with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprise a rare population with high morbidity and mortality. An improved understanding of the clinical trajectory of patients with EB, including age at time of clinical diagnosis and major clinical events, is needed to refine best practices and improve quality of life and clinical outcomes for patients with EB. Objectives: To describe demographics, clinical characteristics, milestone diagnostic and clinical events (such as initial esophageal dilation), and outcomes in patients with EB using the Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database and to determine what characteristics may be associated with overall EB severity and/or disease progression. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included data on patients with EB who were enrolled in the Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database from January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2017; 17 participating EB centers in the United States and Canada contributed data to this study. Exposures: Type of EB, including recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB), and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic information, clinical characteristics (including age at onset of signs of EB and subsequent clinical diagnosis), types of diagnostic testing performed, and milestone clinical events for patients with RDEB. Results: Of 644 enrolled patients from 17 sites included in this study, 323 were male (50.2%), with a mean (SD) age of 14.4 (11.7) years; 283 (43.9%) had RDEB, 194 (30.1%) had EBS, 104 (16.2%) had DDEB, and 63 (9.8%) had JEB. Signs of disease were present at birth in 202 patients with RDEB (71.4%), 39 with JEB (61.9%), 60 with DDEB (57.7%), and 74 with EBS (38.1%). For those with signs of disease at birth, a clinical diagnosis was made at the time of birth in 135 patients with RDEB (67.0%), 31 with DDEB (52.6%), 35 with EBS, (47.3%) and 18 with JEB (46.2%). Patients with JEB had the highest rate of any confirmatory testing (51 of 63 [81.0%]), followed by RDEB (218 of 283 [77.0%]), DDEB (71 of 104 [68.3%]), and EBS (100 of 194 [51.5%]). For all types of EB, both electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed at younger ages than genetic analysis. Among 283 patients with RDEB, 157 (55.5%) had esophageal dilation, 104 (36.7%) had gastrostomy tube placement, 62 (21.9%) had hand surgery, 18 (6.4%) developed squamous cell carcinoma, and 19 (6.7%) died. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings suggest that diagnostic testing for EB is more common for patients with severe phenotypes. Earlier diagnostic testing may enable improved characterizations of patients so that appropriate counseling and clinical care may be offered, especially pertaining to milestone events for those with RDEB.