[Electron-microscopic changes of the brain in acute experimental peritonitis (AEP)]. / élektonno-mikroskopicheskie izmeneniia golovnogo mozga pri ostrom experimental'nom peritonite.

It is shown that changes in the vessels of the central nervous system, neurons and interneuron links--synapses develop in AEP. Increasing diffuse-focal destructive brain changes are morphological substrate of toxico-hypoxic encephalopathy and basis for disturbances of an integrative-trigger action of the brain.

[Morphology and morphogenetic mechanisms of brain lesions in acute generalized peritonitis]. / Morfologiia i morfogeneticheskie mekhanizmy porazhenii golovnogo mozga pri ostrom razlitom peritonite.

Pronounced alterations of brain elements (vessels, neurocytes, glial cells, neural fibers and synaptic apparatus) are observed in acute generalized peritonitis. The following morphological forms of peritoneal encephalopathy were recognized: diffuse-focal lesions, incomplete partial necroses, inflammatory changes in the form of meningitis and encephalitis. The morphological changes were provoked by some factors resultant from developing endotoxicosis and homeostatic disorders. Structural disturbances may play a leading role in polyorganic insufficiency and under certain conditions may have an independent tanatogenetic significance.

[Dynamics of destructive and reparative processes in organs of the immune system in acute experimental peritonitis of varying course]. / Dinamika destruktivnykh i reparativnykh protsessov v organakh immunnoi sistemy pri ostrom éksperimental'nom peritonite v razlichnykh usloviiakh ego techeniia.

A quantitative characteristics of destructive and reparative processes in the organs of immune system is given on the model of acute peritonitis running under different conditions. During the usual course of inflammation in the abdominal cavity in the first 24 hours a sharp increase of lymphocyte destruction is noted, while proliferative changes decrease. Two days later the cell destruction decreases but proliferative changes increase. While using levamisole the destructive phenomena are not highly marked but proliferative processes persist at a high level during all periods of the experiment. In azathioprine immunosuppression the process of destruction increases intensively during all periods of the experiment with the simultaneous suppression of reparative manifestation. It results in devastation of the organs of the immune system and can be considered as an equivalent to the secondary immunological insufficiency.

[Functional morphology of the myocardium in acute experimental peritonitis]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia miokarda pri ostrom éksperimental'nom peritonite.

Structural disorganization of the myocardium starts at the very early stages of acute experimental peritonitis, the maximum surface of the contractural lesions is registered one day and the maximum decrease of the adrenergic nervous fiber density 6 hrs after the start of the experiment. The change of the mitochondria surface and the biochemical process intensity in the cardiomyocytes depend on the disease stage. In the process of recovery the cardiomyocyte and microcirculatory bed repair starts to dominate.

[Destructive and reparative processes in the liver in acute experimental peritonitis]. / Destruktivnye i reparativnye protsessy v pecheni pri ostrom éksperimental'nom peritonite.

Dynamics and character of interrelations of destructive and reparative processes in the liver in different conditions of acute experimental peritonitis (AEP), using preparations, inhibiting or stimulating these reactions in the experiment with 135 white rats have been studied. It was established the dependence of the level of destruction and intensity of hepatic reparative regeneration on the gravity of peritoneum affection, the level of toxicity and the state of the body immunologic reactivity. The organ reparation in normal AEP in the first two days is carried out mainly by intercellular hyperplasia of hepatocyte ultrastructures. Karyokinetic cellular activity is increasing from the 3rd day and reacting its peak on the 4-5 day of the experiment. The course of peritonitis while introducing azathioprine is accompanied by prevailing destructive-purulent changes in the liver. On the contrary, levamisole administration in experimental animals causes an increase in lymphoid-cellular infiltration of stromal and parenchymatous cells with earlier reparation of necrotic foci.

[Iatrogenic pathology, its role in the structure of patient morbidity and thanatogenesis]. / Iatrogennaia patologiia, ee rol' v strukture zabolevaemosti i tanatogeneze bol'nykh.

Iatrogenic diseases which were an immediate cause of death or played an important role in thanatogenesis were found in 319 (14.2%) of 2250 autopsy cases of patients with surgical, therapeutical and neurosurgical pathology. Surgical iatrogenesis was established in 226 (70.8%), and therapeutical one in 59 (18.5%) cases. Revealing a neurosurgical iatrogenesis (10.7%) represented considerable difficulties. The pathologists, in the authors opinion, do not pay a sufficient attention to establishing iatrogenic pathology in spite of its constant increase during last years and the fact it occupies a considerable percentage in the morbidity structure and thanatogenesis. The necessity to respect the instructions of the ICD-9th concerning "second diseases" is outlined. The pathologists together with clinicians should try to clarify the causes of iatrogenic diseases and their true incidence.

[Features of the destructive and reparative processes of the liver in various types of acute experimental peritonitis]. / Osobennosti destruktivnykh i reparativnykh protsessov pecheni v raznykh usloviiakh techeniia ostrogo éksperimental'nogo peritonita.

In experiments on 135 albino rats, present-day techniques were used to examine the time-course of hepatic destructive and reparative processes during various courses of acute experimental peritonitis (AEP). The magnitude of destructive changes in the liver was found to be directly related to the severity of peritoneal lesion, degree of intoxication, and immunologic reactivity of the body. Within the first 4-5 days of AEP, the liver was regenerated mainly by intracellular hyperplasia. On days 3-4 the mitotic activity of hepatocytes markedly increased, reaching its maximum on day 5 of the experiment. Destructive and suppurative changes predominated over reparative ones in the organ in AEP treated with the immunodepressant azathioprine. In contrast, the administration of the cellular immunity stimulant, levamisole++, to the experimental animals was followed by drastically increased mononuclear infiltration, hepatic stromal cell proliferation and reparative hepatocyte regeneration.

[Mortality in acute peritonitis as revealed by postmortem examination findings]. / Analiz letal'nosti bol'nykh ostrym peritonitom po dannym vskrytii.

Acute peritonitis has been found present on 512 out of 4303 serial postmortem examinations performed over the past 10 years in the city of Izhevsk, giving the overall rate of 11.9%, but the rates were higher in older age groups. The conditions more commonly complicated by peritonitis were inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of abdominal organs. In 47% of the cases, peritonitis developed postoperatively, predominantly as a result of incompetence of anastomotic suture lines. In 26.9% of the cases, the peritonitis was not recognized during the patient's life, and in a majority of these it was in an early phase of development. The nature and extent of peritonitis varied both with the bodily reactivity and with the site and duration of the peritonitis itself. The peritoneal inflammations arising in inflammatory destructive conditions were generally of short duration and serous or serofibrous in type, whereas those of neoplastic or other origins were longer-lasting and displayed a purulent exudate. In cases where the peritonitis was in an early phase, the immediate causes were more diverse and included, in addition to intoxication (detailed mechanisms of which remain undisclosed), shock, thromboembolism, hepatorenal or cardiovascular failure, sepsis, and hemorrhage.

[Cancer of the jejunum and Fraumeni syndrome]. / Rak toshchei kishki i sindrom Fromeni.

An observation of multiple primary tumors of various histogenesis and a rare combination (uterine body carcinoma, mammary fibroadenoma, bronchial carcinoid, jejunum carcinoma) developing in a female patient at various periods of her life is described. The autosome-dominant type of the transfer proves the possibility of a genetic predisposition of the tumor development (the patient's mother and brother also had tumors). This observation demonstrates the variety of tumor combinations and tumor topography in cases of genetically predetermined blastomogenic process. This may represent a basis for distinguishing separate variants of Fraumeni syndrome.

[Morphophysiologic changes in the thyroid gland following exposure to retabolyl]. / Morfofiziologicheskie izmeneniia shchitovidnoi zhelezy pri vozdeistvii retabolila.

Morphofunctional rearrangement of the thyroid gland resulted from retabolile effect has been studied in 25 tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi) and in 30 white rats. The changes observed evidence in favour of activation of all secretory phases in thyroid hormones. At an overstrained hormonal stress in the thyroid gland, hypofunction of the organ is the initial state in the tortoise, while in the white rat an increased physiological wearing out in thyroid cells and their destruction are noted. Therefore, the relation between proliferation and destruction of thyrocytes is shifted towards the latter.