ABSTRACT
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two modes of phenylephrine administration, namely continuous infusion and intermittent bolus, in maintaining maternal hemodynamics during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia (SA). Methods Eighty patients undergoing cesarean delivery with SA were allocated into two groups. In group I, 40 patients were administered a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion at a rate of 75 mcg/min immediately after SA. Conversely, group B, consisting of 40 patients, received a 75 mcg bolus dose promptly after SA and subsequently whenever their blood pressure fell by more than 20% from the baseline value. Crucial variables, such as heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and side effects, were closely monitored at a three-minute interval in both groups. Following the delivery of the child, APGAR scores were documented at the first and fifth minutes, and the gathered data underwent analysis using SPSS Statistics, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results The results revealed that baseline HR and blood pressure were similar in both groups. Nevertheless, the bolus group exhibited a higher mean HR, whereas the infusion group maintained a closer proximity to the baseline reading throughout the measurement period. Despite these variations, changes in HR did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the two groups at any measuring intervals. Additionally, the mean systolic blood pressure in group B exhibited an initial decrease from the baseline, whereas group I displayed an increase compared to the baseline values. Importantly, neither group reported instances of nausea or vomiting, and the APGAR scores were comparable between them. Conclusion In conclusion, the study found that a phenylephrine bolus of 75 mcg was more effective in maintaining blood pressure within acceptable limits without causing bradycardia or hypertension when compared to a phenylephrine infusion.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endotracheal tube (ETT) selection in pediatric patients is mainly done with the age, height, or weight-based formula. We compared ultrasound assessment of the subglottic area to predict the outer diameter of the ETT, with that of modified Cole's formula. The aim of the study is to compare the appropriateness of uncuffed ETT selection based on modified Cole's formula with that of ultrasound assessment method of subglottic diameter in children undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized, parallel group study. One hundred and fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients of age 2-6 years were randomly allotted into two groups: Group A - ETT selection based on ultrasound assessment of subglottic diameter. Group B - ETT selection based on modified Cole's formula. The study parameters are the internal diameter and external diameter (OD) of the predicted ETT by the two methods and that of the appropriate size ETT used. RESULTS: The incidence of appropriate tube selection was 74.7% in the ultrasound based group while it was 45.3% in the modified Cole's formula group. There was a strong correlation between OD of the optimal ETT used and the ultrasound assessed subglottic diameter. Bland-Altman analysis of OD of appropriately sized ETT and subglottic diameter by ultrasound assessment has a bias of 0.02 mm with limits of agreement of +1.78 to -1.74. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic assessment of the subglottic diameter at the cricoid region is a better tool in predicting the appropriate size uncuffed ETT than modified Cole's formula.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Thermoregulation is markedly affected in patients undergoing surgical procedures under anesthesia. Monitoring of temperature is very important during such conditions. Skin temperature is one of the easy and noninvasive ways of temperature monitoring. Common skin temperature monitoring sites are unreliable and did not correlate to the core temperature measurement. AIM: To compare and study the correlation of skin temperature over carotid artery in the neck to that of simultaneously measured nasopharyngeal temperature in adult patients undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Prospective double-blinded study in a Tertiary Care Center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients of age 18-40 years posted for elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia were included. Two temperature sites are monitored: The skin temperature over the carotid artery in the neck with a skin temperature probe T (skin-carotid) and the nasopharyngeal temperature T (naso) with another nasopharyngeal probe. The temperature readings are taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after induction of general anesthesia. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t-test, Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analysis for the rate of agreement. RESULTS: The skin over the carotid artery in the neck showed statistically significant lower values than simultaneously measured nasopharyngeal temperature. This comparison is done with paired t-test at P< 0.05 significance. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between the two sites of temperature measurement. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the skin temperature over the carotid artery in the neck was strongly correlated to the nasopharyngeal temperature in adult patients undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia.
