Bioavailability of two oral fentanyl transmucosal formulations in healthy volunteers: an open-label, crossover, randomised study / Biodisponibilidad de dos formulaciones de fentanilo oral transmucosa en voluntarios sanos: un estudio abierto, cruzado y aleatorizado

Introduction: Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) was the first product specifically designed for the treatment of breakthrough pain. It is formulated as a sweetened lozenge on a plastic handle (stick) and it is self-administered by the patient, allowing the modulability or flexibility in dosing. Objectives: To prove bioequivalence of a test (T) OTFC product compared to the reference (R) formulation. Material and methods: Open-label, crossover, randomized, single-dose bioequivalence study in healthy volunteers, with two study periods and two sequences, with a washout period of at least 10 days. On each study day, subjects received 400 μg of fentanyl. They were instructed to rub the tablet gently against the buccal mucosa and not to suck on or chew it, and the investigators controlled each administration to ensure that it was consumed during 15 minutes. Given the high pharmacokinetic variability, a two-stage design was established and bioequivalence decision was based on 94.12% confidence intervals of Cmax and AUC0-t geometric means ratio. Results: 36 subjects completed the study according to the protocol. Mean Cmax were similar with both formulations (814.78 pg/ml for T and 781.83 pg/ml for R) and were attained at the same time (40 min. for T and 50 min. for R), and their bioavailability was also very close (AUC0-t: 3920.12 pg.h/ml for T and 3679.39 pg.h/ml for R). Bioequivalence was confirmed for the two primary parameters, Cmax and AUC0-t. No period or sequence effects were observed in any parameter. As bioequivalence was proved in the first phase of the study, it was not necessary to proceed to the second stage. The estimated intraindividual variability was 24.66% and 19.01%, respectively for T and R formulations. Both formulations were well tolerated; 15 mild adverse events were reported. Discussion: The test OTFC product is bioequivalent to the reference one and therefore interchangeable when used clinically. OTFC administration provides faster fentanyl absorption than enteral route and the rate of absorption can be modulated by the administration technique, providing a unique flexibility among all breakthrough pain treatments. The results showed a fast time to maximum concentrations (tmax), in accordance with those originally reported for the reference product, probably favoured by the strict administration technique. Proper patient education is essential to optimize the use of OTFC, as well-trained patients can take advantage of its flexibility to self-controlling pain relief

Introducción: El citrato de fentanilo oral transmucosa (CFOT) fue el primer medicamento diseñado específicamente para tratar el dolor irruptivo. Está formulado como una matriz de polvo comprimido con aplicador de plástico (palito), y el paciente se lo administra, lo que proporciona modulabilidad o flexibilidad de dosis. Objetivos: Probar la bioequivalencia entre el medicamento CFOT test (T) y el de referencia (R). Material y métodos: Estudio abierto, cruzado, aleatorizado, de bioequivalencia a dosis única en voluntarios sanos, con dos periodos y dos secuencias, y con un tiempo de lavado de al menos 10 días. Los sujetos tomaron 400 μg de fentanilo cada día de estudio. Se les instruyó para que restregaran el comprimido contra la mucosa bucal sin chuparlo ni masticarlo, y los investigadores controlaron cada administración para asegurar que se consumía en 15 minutos. Se estableció un diseño en dos etapas por la alta variabilidad farmacocinética esperada, y la decisión de bioequivalencia se basó en los intervalos de confianza al 94,12 % de la razón de las medias geométricas de la Cmax y el AUC0-t. Resultados: 36 sujetos completaron el estudio de acuerdo con el protocolo. Las medias de Cmax fueron similares con ambas formulaciones (814,78 pg/ml para T y 781,83 pg/ml para R) y se alcanzaron al mismo tiempo (40 min para T y 50 min para R), y su biodisponibilidad también fue muy semejante (AUC0-t: 3920,12 pg.h/ml para T y 3679,39 pg.h/ml para R). Se confirmó la bioequivalencia para los dos parámetros principales, Cmax y AUC0-t. No se observaron efecto periodo ni secuencia para ningún parámetro. Como se probó la bioequivalencia en la primera fase del estudio no fue necesario proceder a la segunda fase. La variabilidad intraindividual estimada fue 24,66 y 19,01 %, respectivamente para T y R. Los dos medicamentos fueron bien tolerados; se registraron 5 acontecimientos adversos de intensidad leve. Conclusiones: La formulación CFOT test es bioequivalente con la de referencia, y por tanto son clínicamente intercambiables. La administración de CFOT proporciona una absorción más rápida de fentanilo que la vía enteral y la tasa de absorción puede modularse con la técnica de administración, aportando una flexibilidad única al resto de tratamientos del dolor irruptivo. Los resultados muestran un breve tiempo hasta concentraciones plasmáticas máximas (tmax), coincidente con el descrito originalmente para la formulación de referencia, favorecido probablemente por la estricta técnica de administración. Es esencial una adecuada formación de los pacientes para optimizar el uso de CFOT, ya que los pacientes bien entrenados pueden sacar buen provecho de su flexibilidad para auto-regularse el alivio del dolor

Contribution of dopamine to mitochondrial complex I inhibition and dopaminergic deficits caused by methylenedioxymethamphetamine in mice.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) causes a persistent loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra of mice. Current evidence indicates that MDMA-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by oxidative stress probably due to the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. In this study we investigated the contribution of dopamine (DA) to such effects. For this, we modulated the dopaminergic system of mice at the synthesis, uptake or metabolism levels. Striatal mitochondrial complex I activity was decreased 1 h after MDMA; an effect not observed in the striatum of DA depleted mice or in the hippocampus, a dopamine spare region. The DA precursor, L-dopa, caused a significant reduction of mitochondrial complex I activity by itself and exacerbated the dopaminergic deficits when combined with systemic MDMA. By contrast, no damage was observed when L-dopa was combined with intrastriatal injections of MDMA. On the other hand, dopamine uptake blockade using GBR 12909, inhibited both, the acute inhibition of complex I activity and the long-term dopaminergic toxicity caused by MDMA. Moreover, the inhibition of DA metabolism with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline, afforded a significant protection against MDMA-induced complex I inhibition and neurotoxicity. Taken together, these findings point to the formation of hydrogen peroxide subsequent to DA metabolism by MAO, rather than a direct DA-mediated mitochondrial complex I inhibition, and the contribution of a peripheral metabolite of MDMA, as the key steps in the chain of biochemical events leading to DA neurotoxicity caused by MDMA in mice.

Modulation of the ASK1-MKK3/6-p38/MAPK signalling pathway mediates sildenafil protection against chemical hypoxia caused by malonate.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PD5 inhibitors have recently been reported to exert beneficial effects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in several organs. However, there are few studies regarding their neuroprotective effects in brain ischaemia. The present study was designed to assess the effects of sildenafil against chemical hypoxia induced by malonate. Intrastriatal injection of malonate produces energy depletion and striatal lesions similar to that seen in cerebral ischaemia through mechanisms that involve generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Volume lesion was analysed by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Generation of reactive species was determined by in situ visualization of superoxide production and nitrotyrosine measurement. Protein levels were determined by Western blot after subcellular fractionation. KEY RESULTS: Sildenafil, given 30 min before malonate, significantly decreased the lesion volume in the rat. This protective effect cannot be attributed to any effect on ROS production but to the inhibition of downstream pathways. Thus, malonate induced the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) and two MAPK kinases, MKK3/6 and MKK7, which lead to an increased phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, effects that were blocked by sildenafil. Selective inhibitors of p38 and JNK (SB203580 or SP600125, respectively) were used in combination with malonate in order to evaluate the plausible implication of these pathways in the protection afforded by sildenafil. While inhibition of p38 provided a significant protection against malonate-induced neurotoxicity, inhibition of JNK did not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Sildenafil protects against the chemical hypoxia induced by malonate through the regulation of the ASK1-MKK3/6-p38/MAPK signalling pathway.