Impact of Leukoaraiosis Severity on the Association of Time to Successful Reperfusion with 90-Day Functional Outcome After Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke.

The chance for a favorable outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion stroke decreases with the symptom onset-to-reperfusion time (OTR). Patients with severe leukoaraiosis are at increased risk for a poor outcome after MT. However, whether leukoaraiosis modulates to the association between OTR and 90-day functional outcome is uncertain. We retrospectively analyzed 144 consecutive patients with successful (TICI ≥ 2b/3) MT for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion within 24 h form OTR between January 2012 to November 2016. Leukoaraiosis was dichotomized to absent-to-mild (van Swieten scale score 0-2) versus moderate-to-severe (3-4) as assessed on admission head CT. Multiple linear, logistic, and ordinal regression analyses were used to determine the association between leukoaraiosis, OTR, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, after adjustment for pertinent covariates. Leukoaraiosis was independently associated with the OTR on multivariable linear regression (p = 0.003). The association between OTR and 90-day outcome depended on the degree of pre-existing leukoaraiosis burden as shown by a significant leukoaraiosis-by-OTR interaction on multivariable logistic regression (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58-0.98, p = 0.037) and multivariable ordinal regression (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.97, p = 0.011). Pre-existing leukoaraiosis is associated with the 90-day functional outcome after successful reperfusion and impacts the association between the OTR and 90-day mRS among patients undergoing MT. Patients with high leukoaraiosis burden need to present earlier than patients with low leukoaraiosis burden for a similar favorable outcome. Pending confirmation, these results may have important implications for optimizing patient selection for acute stroke therapies.

Update in the Evaluation and Management of Perioperative Stroke.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review will review the current knowledge and gaps in the literature on the relationship between surgery and ischemic stroke. FINDINGS: Surgery and ischemic stroke are interrelated phenomena as surgery is an independent risk factor for stroke and perioperative stroke increases morbidity and mortality leading to poor outcomes after surgery. This relationship and the risk of adverse outcome apply not only the clinically apparent stroke in the perioperative period but also clinically silent brain infarction detected only on radiological studies. The risk of perioperative stroke depends on several factors including (i) patient-related factors (age, history of prior stroke, and other comorbidities), (ii) procedure-related factors (type of surgery/procedure, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, antiplatelet/antithrombotic interruption, and metabolic derangement), and (iii) perioperative atrial fibrillation. With observation and retrospective data, the literature is limited to prevention and management of perioperative stroke.

Recrudescence of Old Stroke Deficits Among Transient Neurological Attacks.

BACKGROUND: Recrudescence of old stroke deficits (ROSD) is a reported cause of transient neurological symptoms, but it is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence, potential triggers, and clinical outcome of ROSD in a cohort of patients presenting with acute transient neurological attack (TNA) and absent acute pathology on brain imaging. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 340 consecutive patients who presented with TNA and no acute pathology on brain imaging that were included in an institutional stroke registry between February 2013 and April 2015. The presumed TNA cause was categorized as transient ischemic attack (TIA), ROSD, and other cause. Baseline characteristics, triggers, cardiovascular complications within 90 days, and death were recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of ROSD in the studied cohort was 10% (34/340). Infectious stressors and acute metabolite derangements were more common in ROSD compared to TIA (P < .05, each). Compared to TIA and the other TNA, ROSD was more likely to have more than 1 acute stressor (P < .001). Patients with ROSD had similar vascular risk factors compared to TIA (P > .05), including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and similarly used HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, antihypertensive, and antiplatelet medications. Among the patients with an available 90-day follow-up (n = 233), cardiovascular events were more frequent in the TIA group as compared to other TNA (P < .05). CONCLUSION: ROSD is common and distinct from TIA and is associated with a triggering physiologic reaction leading to transient reemergence of prior neurologic deficits. Further study of the mechanism of this phenomenon is needed to help better identify these patients.

Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Vitamin K Versus Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulation-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Recent studies indicated that functional outcome after intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) related to direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC-ICH) is similar, if not better, than vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-related ICH (VKA-ICH) due to a smaller initial hematoma volume (HV). However, the association with hematoma expansion (HE) and location is not well understood. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 102 consecutive patients with acute non-traumatic ICH on oral anticoagulation therapy to determine HV and HE stratified by hematoma location, and the relation to the 90-day outcome. RESULTS: DOAC-ICH (n = 25) and VKA-ICH (n = 77) had a similar admission HV and HE (unadjusted p > 0.05, each). Targeted reversal strategies were used in 93.5% of VKA-ICH versus 8% of DOAC-ICH. After adjustment, an unfavorable 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin scale score 4-6) was independently associated with a lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.26-2.10; p < 0.001) and greater HV (OR 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.05; p = 0.046). After exclusion of patients without follow-up head computed tomography to allow for adjustment by occurrence of HE, VKA-ICH was associated with an approximately 3.5 times greater odds for a poor 90-day outcome (OR 3.64; 95% CI 1.01-13.09; p = 0.048). However, there was no significant association of the oral anticoagulant strategy with 90-day outcome in the entire cohort (OR 2.85; 95% CI 0.69-11.86; p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: DOAC use did not relate to worse HE, HV, and functional outcome after ICH, adding to the notion that DOAC is a safe alternative to VKA even in the absence of access to targeted reversal strategies (which are still not universally available).

Pre-existing White Matter Hyperintensity Lesion Burden and Diagnostic Certainty of Transient Ischemic Attack.

GOALS: There are no validated biomarkers that allow for reliable distinction between TIA and other transient neurological symptoms that mimic TIA. We sought to determine whether the degree of pre-existing white matter hyperintensity (WMH) lesion burden relates to the diagnostic certainty of TIA in a cohort of patients presenting with transient neurological symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 144 consecutive patients with available brain MRI to quantify and normalize the WMH volume for brain atrophy (adjusted white matter hyperintensity [aWMHV]). We first stratified subjects to probable (n = 62) versus possible (n = 82) TIA as per existing guidelines. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to determine a critical aWMHV-threshold (7.8 mL) that best differentiated probable from possible TIA. We then further stratified patients with possible TIA to likely (n = 52) versus unlikely (n = 30) TIA after independent chart review and adjudication. Finally, multivariable logistic and multinomial regression was used to determine whether the defined aWMHV independently related to probable and likely TIA after adjustment for pertinent confounders. FINDINGS: With the exception of age (P < .001) and use of antiplatelets (P = .017), baseline characteristics were similar between patients with probable, likely, and unlikely TIA. In the fully adjusted multinomial model, the aWMHV cut-off greater than 7.8 mL (odds ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3-10.9, P = .012) was significantly more frequent in patients with a probable TIA as compared to those with an unlikely TIA diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We provide proof-of-principle that WMH may serve as a neuroimaging marker of diagnostic certainty of TIA after neurological workup has been completed.

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Clinically Defined Heart Failure to Predict 90-Day Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, and post-stroke disability. However, differing definitions and application of HF-criteria may impact model prediction. We compared the predictive ability of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a readily available objective echocardiographic index, with clinical HF definitions for functional disability and AF in stroke patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed ischemic stroke patients evaluated between January 2013 and May 2015. Outcomes of interest were: (a) 90-day functional disability (modified Rankin score 3-6) and (b) AF. We compared: (1) LVEF (continuous variable), (2) left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD)-categories (absent to severe), (3) clinical history of HF, and (4) HF/LVSD-categories: (i) HF absent without LVSD, (ii) HF absent with LVSD, (iii) HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and (iv) HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the predictive ability for 90-day disability and AF, respectively. RESULTS: Six hundred eighty five consecutive patients (44.5% female) fulfilled the study criteria and were included. After adjustment, the LVEF was independently associated with 90-day disability (OR .98, 95% CI .96-.99, P = .011) with similar predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC] = .85) to models including the LVSD-categories (AUC = .85), clinically define HF (AUC = .86), and HF/LVSD-categories (AUC = .86). The LVEF, HF, LVSD-, and HF/LVSD-categories were independently associated with AF (P < .01, each) with similar predictive ability (AUC = .74, .74, .73, and .75, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to commonly defined HF definitions, the objectively determined LVEF possesses comparable predictive ability for 90-day disability and AF in stroke patients.

Atrial fibrillation is associated with anterior predominant white matter lesions in patients presenting with embolic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: High white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden is commonly found on brain MRI among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, whether the link between AF and WMH extends beyond a common vascular risk factor profile is uncertain. We sought to determine whether AF relates to a distinct WMH lesion pattern which may suggest specific underlying pathophysiological relationships. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed a cohort of consecutive patients presenting with embolic stroke at an academic hospital and tertiary referral centre between March 2010 and March 2014. In total, 234 patients (53% female, 74% anterior circulation infarction) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses. WMH lesion distribution was classified according to previously defined categories. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine variables associated with AF within 90 days of index hospital discharge. RESULTS: Among included patients, 114 had AF (49%). After adjustment for the CHA2DS2-VASc score (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years (doubled), diabetes mellitus, prior stroke/TIA (doubled), vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category (female)) score, WMH lesion burden as assessed on the Fazekas scale, embolic stroke pattern, infarct distribution and pertinent interaction terms, AF was significantly associated with presence of anterior subcortical WMH patches (OR 3.647, 95% CI 1.681 to 7.911, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AF is associated with specific WMH lesion pattern among patients with embolic stroke aetiology. This suggests that the link between AF and brain injury extends beyond thromboembolic complications to include a cardiovasculopathy that affects the brain and can be detected and characterised by WMH.

Emergency Department Length of Stay and Outcome after Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department length of stay (ED-LOS) has been associated with worse outcomes after various medical conditions. However, there is a relative paucity of data for ischemic stroke patients. We sought to determine whether a longer ED-LOS is associated with a poor 90-day outcome after ischemic stroke. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of a single-center cohort of consecutive ischemic stroke patients (n = 325). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors independently associated with ED-LOS as well as a poor 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score >2), respectively. RESULTS: The median ED-LOS in the cohort was 5.8 hours. For patients admitted to the inpatient stroke ward (n = 160) versus the neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU; n = 165), the median ED-LOS was 8.2 hours versus 3.7 hours, respectively. On multivariable linear regression, NICU admission (P <.001), endovascular stroke therapy (P = .001), and thrombolysis (P = .021) were inversely associated with the ED-LOS. Evening shift presentation was associated with a longer ED-LOS (P = .048). On multivariable logistic regression, a greater admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (P <.001), worse preadmission mRS score (P = .001), hemorrhagic conversion (P = .041), and a shorter ED-LOS (P = .016) were associated with a poor 90-day outcome. Early initiation of statin therapy (P = .049), endovascular stroke therapy (P = .041), NICU admission (P = .029), and evening shift presentation (P = .035) were associated with a good 90-day outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to prior studies, a shorter ED-LOS was associated with a worse 90-day functional outcome, possibly reflecting prioritized admission of more severely affected patients who are at high risk of a poor functional outcome.

Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score Infarct Location Predicts Outcome Following M2 Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Although it is generally thought that patients with distal middle cerebral artery (M2) occlusion have a favorable outcome, it has previously been demonstrated that a substantial minority will have a poor outcome by 90 days. We sought to determine whether assessing the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) infarct location allows for identifying patients at risk for a poor 90-day outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with isolated acute M2 occlusion admitted to a single academic center between January 2010 and August 2012. Infarct regions were defined according to ASPECTS system on the initial head computed tomography. Discriminant function analysis was used to define specific ASPECTS regions that are predictive of the 90-day functional outcome as defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6. In addition, logistic regression was used to model the relationship between each individual ASPECT region with poor outcome; for evaluation and comparison, odds ratios, c-statistics, and Akaike information criterion values were estimated for each region. RESULTS: Ninety patients with isolated M2 were included in the final analysis. ASPECTS score ≤6 predicted poor outcome in this cohort (sensitivity = 0.591, specificity = 0.838, p < 0.001). Using multiple approaches, we found that infarction in ASPECTS regions M3 and M6 were strongly associated with poor functional status by 90 days. CONCLUSION: Infarction in ASPECTS regions M3 and M6 are key predictors of functional outcome following isolated distal M2 occlusion. These findings will be helpful in stratifying outcomes if validated in future studies.

Time to Presentation Is Associated with Clinical Outcome in Hemispheric Stroke Patients Deemed Ineligible for Recanalization Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Delayed thrombolysis adversely impacts functional outcome after stroke. Therefore, great efforts are undertaken to reduce delay in patient presentation and initiate treatment as quickly as possible. However, little is known regarding the impact of time to presentation (TTP) on outcome in patients who are ineligible for acute stroke therapy. Thus, we sought to determine whether the TTP is associated with the 90-day outcome irrespective of eligibility for acute recanalization therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 258 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients evaluated between January 2013 and February 2014. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether a greater TTP is independently associated with a poor 90-day outcome defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 3-6. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analyses, the TTP was inversely correlated with transfer from an acute facility (r = -.126, P = .043), cardioembolic stroke etiology (r = -.146, P = .019), and acute recanalization therapy (r = .-412, P < .001). Conversely, a longer TTP was correlated with a worse 90-day mRS score (r = .127, P = .045). After adjustment, the TTP (P = .019), age (P < .001), female sex (P = .001), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (P < .001), preadmission mRS score (P = .001), atrial fibrillation (P < .001), and infarct volume (P < .001) were independently associated with a poor 90-day outcome. Importantly, a longer TTP (odds ratio 1.016, 95% confidence interval 1.001-1.032, P = .036) remained independently associated with the 90-day outcome when we restricted the analyses to patients ineligible for acute intravenous and endovascular recanalization therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Each hour delay in the TTP decreased chances for good outcome by approximately 2% independent of patient eligibility for acute recanalization therapies.

Newer Oral Anticoagulants: Stroke Prevention and Pitfalls.

Warfarin is very effective in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, its use is limited due to fear of hemorrhagic complications, unpredictable anticoagulant effects related to multiple drug interactions and dietary restrictions, a narrow therapeutic window, frequent difficulty maintaining the anticoagulant effect within a narrow therapeutic window, and the need for inconvenient monitoring. Several newer oral anticoagulants have been approved for primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. These agents have several advantages relative to warfarin therapy. As a group, these direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), which include the direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, and the factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban), are more effective than dose adjusted warfarin for prevention of all-cause stroke (including both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke), and have an overall more favorable safety profile. Nevertheless, an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (with the exception of apixaban), increased risk for thrombotic complication with sudden discontinuation, and inability to accurately assess and reverse anticoagulant effect require consideration prior to therapy initiation, and pose a challenge for decision making in acute stroke therapy.

Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With a Worse 90-Day Outcome Than Other Cardioembolic Stroke Subtypes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with a cardioembolic stroke (CES) have worse outcomes than stroke patients with other causes of stroke. Among patients with CES, atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common comorbidity. Mounting data indicate that AF may be related to stroke pathogenesis beyond acute cerebral thromboembolism. We sought to determine whether AF represents an independent risk factor for stroke severity and outcome among patients with CES. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with acute hemispheric CES included in an academic medical center's stroke registry. CES was determined using the Causative Classification System of ischemic stroke. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether AF was associated with 90-day outcome functional status. RESULTS: Our cohort included 140 patients. Of these, 52 had prevalent AF and 28 had incident AF diagnosed during their index hospitalization or within 90 days of hospital discharge. After adjustment for potential confounders or mediators, any AF (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-6.33; P=0.049), infarct volume (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06; P=0.005), preadmission modified Rankin Scale score (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.01; P<0.001), and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.28; P<0.001) remained associated with an unfavorable 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 2-6). CONCLUSIONS: AF is associated with an unfavorable 90-day outcome among patients with a CES independent of established risk factors and initial stroke severity. This suggests that AF-specific mechanisms affect CES severity and functional status after CES. If confirmed in future studies, further investigation into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may provide novel avenues to AF detection and treatment.

Impact of Leukoaraiosis Burden on Hemispheric Lateralization of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Deficit in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) awards higher deficit scores for infarcts in the dominant hemisphere when compared with otherwise similar infarcts in the nondominant hemisphere. This has been shown to adversely affect stroke recognition, therapeutic decisions, and outcome. However, factors modifying the association between infarct side and deficit severity are incompletely understood. Thus, we sought to determine whether age and age-related leukoaraiosis alter the relation between NIHSS deficit score and the side and volume of infarction. METHODS: We studied 238 patients with supratentorial, nonlacunar ischemic infarcts prospectively included in our stroke registry between January 2013 and January 2014. NIHSS deficit severity was assessed at the time of presentation. Infarct volumes were assessed by manual planimetry on diffusion-weighted imaging. Leukoaraiosis burden was graded on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images according to the Fazekas scale and dichotomized to none-to-mild (0-2) versus severe (3-6). Multivariable linear regression with backward elimination was used to identify independent predictors of the admission NIHSS. RESULTS: Left-hemispheric infarction (P<0.001), severe leukoaraiosis (P=0.001), their interaction term (P=0.005), infarct volume (P<0.001), and sex (P=0.013) were independently associated with the NIHSS deficit. Analysis of the individual NIHSS components showed that severe leukoaraiosis was associated with an increase of the lateralizing components of the NIHSS in patients with right-hemispheric infarction (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe leukoaraiosis substantially attenuates the classic hemispheric lateralization of the NIHSS deficit by relating to greater NIHSS scores of components that are typically assigned to left hemisphere function.

Clinical impact of leukoaraiosis burden and chronological age on neurological deficit recovery and 90-day outcome after minor ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of disability, particularly among the elderly, but this association has not been consistently noted among patients with minor stroke. We sought to determine the association of chronological age and leukoaraiosis, which is considered a marker of biological age, with the degree of neurological deficit recovery and 90-day disability after minor ischemic stroke. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 185 patients with a minor ischemic stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score ≤ 5). Leukoaraiosis severity was graded according to the van Swieten scale. NIHSS was assessed at baseline, discharge, and 90-days. Multivariable linear and ordinal logistic regression analyses were constructed to identify independent predictors of the degree of NIHSS-improvement (ΔNIHSS) and 90-day outcome as assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS: Patients with severe leukoaraiosis had attenuated ΔNIHSS at 90 days as compared to patients with none-to-mild leukoaraiosis (p=0.028). After adjustment, leukoaraiosis severity (p<0.001) but not chronological age (p=0.771) was independently associated with the ΔNIHSS by day 90. Severe leukoaraiosis (p=0.003, OR 3.1, 95%-CI 1.5-6.4), older age (p=0.001, OR 1.0 95%-CI 1.0-1.1), and admission NIHSS (p<0.001, OR 1.5, 95%-CI 1.2-1.8) were independent predictors of the 90-day mRS. CONCLUSION: Leukoaraiosis is a more sensitive predictor for neurological deficit recovery after ischemic stroke than chronological age. Further study is required to establish the specific contribution of leukoaraiosis to functional outcome after minor ischemic stroke beyond its impact on recovery mechanisms.

Low Serum Vitamin D Is Independently Associated with Larger Lesion Volumes after Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Despite its high prevalence, known association with vascular disease and stroke incidence and fatality, little is known about the contribution of vitamin D status to a worse outcome after ischemic stroke. Therefore, we sought to assess whether low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), a marker of vitamin D status, is predictive of the ischemic infarct volume and whether it relates to a worse outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed prospective, consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients evaluated from January 2013 to January 2014 at a tertiary referral center. All patients (n = 96) had a magnetic resonance imaging-proven acute ischemic stroke. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to test whether vitamin D represents an independent predictor of infarct volume and poor 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of >2). RESULTS: In univariable analyses, lacunar infarct etiology, lower admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and higher serum 25(OH)D concentration were associated with smaller infarct volumes (P < .05). The association of 25(OH)D with ischemic infarct volume was independent of other known predictors of the infarct extent (P = .001). Multivariable analyses showed that the risk for a poor 90-day outcome doubled with each 10-ng/mL decrease in serum 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum 25(OH)D was independently associated with larger ischemic infarct volume, which may partially explain observed worse outcomes in ischemic stroke patients with poor vitamin D status. Although causality remains to be proven, our results provide the rationale to further explore vitamin D as a promising marker for cerebral ischemic vulnerability and to identify stroke patients at high risk for poor outcome.

Prevalence of Pelvic Vein Pathology in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale Undergoing MRV Pelvis.

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of ischemic strokes has no any identified underlying cause. Notably, the prevalence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is increased in cryptogenic stroke (CS) populations, which may serve as a conduit for paradoxical emboli originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) including the pelvic veins. Yet, there are no published guidelines for the assessment of pelvic veins as part of the stroke workup and few studies have systematically investigated pelvic veins as a potential source for paradoxical emboli in CS patients. Further, there is a relative paucity of data regarding pelvic DVT in CS and results have been conflicting. Hence, we sought to determine the prevalence of pelvic DVT in select CS patients with PFO who underwent magnetic resonance venography (MRV). METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients (n = 50) who underwent contrast-enhanced pelvic MRV at the discretion of the treating physician for the evaluation of CS in the presence of a PFO during hospitalization at a single academic stroke center between January 2011 through December 2013. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors independently associated with the presence of an abnormal MRV pelvis. RESULTS: Patients (47 ± 13 years of age) had MRV performed 4 ± 3 days after their incident stroke. Nine patients had an abnormal MRV (18%). Of these, four (8%) had pelvic vein thrombosis and 5 (10%) a May-Thurner anatomic variant. All patients with pelvic DVT were subsequently anticoagulated with warfarin (none had abnormal hypercoagulability testing). Clinical clues suggesting paradoxical embolism were present in as many as 40% of patients. On multivariable logistic regression, a history of any risk factors predisposing to DVT (OR 6.7; coefficient 1.9; BCa 95% CI 0.08-20.2; p = 0.014) as well as the number of predisposing risk factors (OR 3.9; coefficient 1.4; BCa 95% CI 0.25-4.2; p = 0.005) predicted the presence of pelvic vein pathology on MRV. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a relatively high prevalence of pelvic DVT among select CS patients emphasizing the importance of considering the pelvic veins as a potential source for emboli particularly in the presence of risk factors known to predispose DVT. Because patients were included at the treating physician's discretion, our results reflect 'real-life' practice. Our results may be of clinical importance as inclusion of pelvic vein imaging in CS patients with PFO had impactful therapeutic and nosologic implications. Further study is needed to define patients most likely to benefit from pelvic vein imaging.

Predictors of Outcome following Stroke due to Isolated M2 Occlusions.

BACKGROUND: Factors influencing outcome after cerebral artery occlusion are not completely understood. Although it is well accepted that the site of arterial occlusion critically influences outcome, the majority of studies investigating this issue has focused on proximal large artery occlusion. To gain a better understanding of factors influencing outcome after distal large artery occlusion, we sought to assess predictors of outcome following isolated M2 middle cerebral artery occlusion infarcts. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with isolated acute M2 occlusion admitted to a single academic center from January 2010 to August 2012. Baseline clinical, laboratory imaging, and outcome data were assessed from a prospectively collected database. Factors associated with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤2 in univariable analyses (p < 0.05) were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. The Admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (aNIHSS) score, age, and infarct volume were also entered as dichotomized variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to determine the optimal aNIHSS score, infarct volume, and age cut points predicting an mRS score ≤2. Optimal thresholds were determined by maximizing the Youden index. Respective multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of a good 90-day outcome (mRS score ≤2; primary analysis) as well as 90-day mortality (secondary outcome). RESULTS: 90 patients with isolated M2 occlusion were included in the final analyses. Of these, 69% had a good 90-day outcome which was associated with age <80 years (p = 0.007), aNIHSS <10 (p = 0.002), and infarct volume ≤26 ml (p < 0.001). Notably, 20% of patients (64% of those with a poor outcome) had died by 90 days. Secondary analysis for 90-day mortality was performed. This analysis indicated that infarct volume >28 ml (OR 11.874, 95% CI 2.630-53.604, p = 0.001), age >80 years (OR 4.953, 95% CI 1.087-22.563, p = 0.039), need for intubation (OR 7.788, 95% CI 1.072-56.604), and history of congestive heart failure (OR 5.819, 95% CI 1.140-29.695) were independent predictors of 90-day mortality (20% of all included patients). CONCLUSION: While the majority of patients with isolated M2 occlusion stroke has a good 90-day outcome, a substantial proportion of subjects dies by 90 days, as identified by a unique subset of predictors. The knowledge gained from our study may lead to an improvement in the prognostic accuracy, clinical management, and resource utilization in this patient population.

Leukoaraiosis predicts cortical infarct volume after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Leukoaraiosis (LA) predominantly affects the subcortical white matter, but mounting evidence suggests an association with cortical microvascular dysfunction and potentially decreased cortical ischemic tolerance. Thus, we sought to assess whether preexisting LA is predictive of the cortical infarct volume after middle cerebral artery branch occlusion and whether it relates to a worse outcome. METHODS: We analyzed data from 117 consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery branch occlusion as documented by admission computed tomography angiography. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and outcome data, as well as final cortical infarct volumes, were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively collected database. LA severity was assessed on admission computed tomography using the van Swieten scale grading the supratentorial white matter hypoattenuation. Infarct volume predicting a favorable 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score≤2) was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of the final infarct volume and outcome. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that a final infarct volume of ≤27 mL best predicted a favorable 90-day outcome. Severe LA (odds ratio, 11.231; 95% confidence interval, 2.526-49.926; P=0.001) was independently associated with infarct volume>27 mL. Severe LA (odds ratio, 3.074; 95% confidence interval, 1.055-8.961; P=0.040) and infarct volume>27 mL (odds ratio, 9.156; 95% confidence interval, 3.191-26.270; P<0.001) were independent predictors of a poor 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 3-6). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of severe, subcortical LA contributes to larger cortical infarct volumes and worse functional outcomes adding to the notion that the brain is negatively affected beyond LA's macroscopic boundaries.

Migraine and stroke: a continuum of association in adults.

Migraine and stroke are the most common neurovascular disorders affecting adults. Migraine, particularly with aura, is associated with increased stroke risk both during and between attacks; as such, migraine may be viewed as a potentially modifiable risk factor for stroke. The exact mechanism by which migraine can predispose to stroke remains uncertain.

Headache in stroke: a review.

Headache is a common accompanying symptom in cerebrovascular diseases. Several specific conditions and etiologies are reviewed with emphasis on distinguishing characteristics. Recognition of these conditions can help identify underlying causes of these "secondary headache syndromes" and facilitate disease-appropriate treatment.