Unmasking Ureteral Polyps: Insights From a Case Series.

Fibroepithelial polyps in the urinary tract are a rare cause of obstructive uropathy with fewer than 130 cases reported in the literature. In our series, we describe polyps that were missed on preoperative imaging and later found in the operating room during pyeloplasty. It is critical for urologists to be aware of polyps as a potential source of obstruction as they can increase the complexity of a reconstruction and, if missed, may result in a failed repair and persistent obstruction. We hypothesize that performing a retrograde pyelogram prior to ureteric reconstruction will facilitate diagnosis prior to surgical repair.

Clinical considerations in adults with history of posterior urethral valves.

INTRODUCTION: Management of patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV) is commonplace for many pediatric urologists, however adult providers may be far less familiar with this diagnosis, its management and long-term ramifications. As urologic management of these patients has evolved, clinical outcomes have substantially improved with many more patients now surviving into adulthood. These patients remain at increased risk of morbidity due to their condition and therefore are likely to benefit from long term follow-up with adult providers. OBJECTIVE: In this review we analyze the psychosocial impacts of PUV on adults, evaluate long term transplant outcomes in PUV patients and discuss effective clinical management strategies of bladder dysfunction in adult PUV patients. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective literature review was performed using the MEDLINE (Pubmed) electronic database using key words such as "posterior urethral valve", "quality of life", "sexual function", "transplant outcomes", "bladder dysfunction", "mitrofanoff" etc. to identify relevant studies. RESULTS: Generally, the quality of life of PUV patients is good, those suffering from renal insufficiency or lower urinary tract symptoms, specifically incontinence, appear to be a group that may benefit from more intensive follow-up. Good long-term kidney transplant (KT) function and survival can be achieved in patients with PUV. Rigorous management to optimize bladder function and close follow-up, are key for long term graft survival after KT. DISCUSSION: The chronicity of PUV warrants adult providers to be not only well versed in the pathophysiology of the disease, but well prepared to care for these patients as they transition into adulthood. CONCLUSION: Additional studies addressing psychosocial, clinical and transplant outcomes of adults with PUV are necessary to develop optimal long-term follow-up regimens for these patients.

Does Preoperative Testosterone Administration Decrease Complications in Distal Hypospadias Repair With Urethroplasty?

PURPOSE: Testosterone administration prior to hypospadias repair is common practice among pediatric urologists; however, its impact on surgical outcomes remains controversial. We hypothesize that testosterone administration prior to distal hypospadias repair with urethroplasty significantly decreases postoperative complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We queried our hypospadias database for primary distal hypospadias repairs with urethroplasty from 2015 to 2021. Patients undergoing repair without urethroplasty were excluded. We collected information on patient age, procedure type, testosterone administration status, initial visit and intraoperative glans width, urethroplasty length, and postoperative complications. To determine the role of testosterone administration on incidence of complications, a logistic regression adjusting for initial visit glans width, urethroplasty length, and age was performed. RESULTS: A total of 368 patients underwent distal hypospadias repair with urethroplasty. One hundred thirty-three patients received testosterone and 235 did not. Initial visit glans width was significantly larger in the no-testosterone vs testosterone group (14.5 mm vs 13.1 mm, P = .001). Testosterone patients had significantly larger glans width at the time of surgery (17.1 mm vs 14.6 mm [no-testosterone group], P = .001). On multivariable logistic regression analysis after controlling for age at surgery, preoperative glans width, testosterone status, and urethroplasty length, testosterone administration did show significant association with reduced odds of postoperative complications (OR 0.4, P = .039). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective review of patients shows that on multivariable analysis there is significant association between testosterone administration and decreased incidence of complications in patients undergoing distal hypospadias repair with urethroplasty. Future studies on testosterone administration should focus on specific cohorts of patients with hypospadias as benefits of testosterone may be more evident in some subgroups than others.

Deferring gonadectomy in patients with turner syndrome with a genetic Y component is not a safe practice.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with Turner syndrome who harbor Y chromosome material are known to be at increased risk of developing germ cell neoplasms. The optimal timing to perform gonadectomy to reduce the risk of cancer development in these patients is not well defined. We present outcomes of Turner with a Y component (TSY) patients who underwent gonadectomy at our institution. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that tumors could occur in a significant portion of TSY patients at any age and gonadectomy can be safely performed at diagnosis rather than deferred. STUDY DESIGN: We performed an IRB-approved retrospective single center study in which we queried our institutions electronic health record to identify all patients with TSY who underwent gonadectomy at our institution from 2012 to 2021. RESULTS: In our series of 18 consecutive TSY patients, a tumor was identified in 6 patients (33.3%): 4 (22.2%) with dysgerminoma (DG) [Fig. 1] and 2 (11.1%) with gonadoblastoma (GB). DISCUSSION: Our cohort of 18 consecutive TSY who underwent gonadectomy over a 9-year period is the largest published single site cohort to date. Additionally, our patient who was found to have GB at 40 days is to our knowledge the youngest TSY patient to be diagnosed with GB in the literature. This patient's remarkably early incidence of tumor occurrence illustrates the urgency of protective gonadectomy. Given the high incidence of tumor formation in this population and the minimal morbidity associated with gonadectomy, we do not recommend delaying gonadectomy in this population for any reason. Our study is vulnerable to selection bias and confounding innate to any retrospective study. There was variation with respect to the frequency and timing of pre-operative imaging as a strict preoperative imaging protocol with sequential studies was not in place at our institution. Additionally, we do not have a comparison cohort of patients who are being followed without operative intervention as all TSY patients at our institution have undergone gonadectomy. CONCLUSION: TSY patients cannot be safely observed for tumor formation based on clinical factors such as imaging or age. Gonadectomy is safe with a low complication rate and without tumor recurrence during three-year follow-up. We continue to recommend bilateral gonadectomy in this patient population at the time of diagnosis.

Office Based Pediatric Urologic Procedures: A Safe and Effective Alternative to Interventions Under Anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To report on our experience performing office-based pediatric urologic procedures. We hypothesize that office-based interventions are safe and effective for children, avoiding unnecessary risk and cost associated with general anesthesia. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients undergoing office-based interventions from 2014 to 2019, including lysis of penile or labial adhesions, division of skin bridges, meatotomy and excision of benign lesion. Success was defined as a completed attempt in the office. Failure includes any unsuccessful office attempts. Complications include 30-day ED visits/readmissions and recurrent skin bridge post division of skin bridge. RESULTS: We identified 1326 interventions: 491 lyses of penile adhesions (37%), 320 division of skin bridges (24%), 128 lyses of labial adhesions (10%), 348 meatotomies (26%), and 39 excisions of benign lesions (3%) [Table 1]. There was a >95% success rate reported in every procedure with an overall complication rate of 0.6%. Excision of benign lesion had 100% success rate. ED visits within 30 days are rare (0.2%), and no patients required admission after their procedure [Table 2]. The rate of recurrence was highest following lysis of labial adhesions (13.3%). Of the 54 patients who underwent retreatment, very few required general anesthesia (n = 6). CONCLUSION: Office-based urologic interventions in children are well tolerated with excellent safety and efficacy. Complications and recurrence are universally low. Ultimately, 99.5% of this cohort was managed under local anesthetics, thereby avoiding the risks of anesthesia use in the pediatric population.

Prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients

ABSTRACT As patients with end-stage renal disease are receiving renal allografts at older ages, the number of male renal transplant recipients (RTRs) being diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP) is increasing. Historically, the literature regarding the management of CaP in RTR's is limited to case reports and small case series. To date, there are no standardized guidelines for screening or management of CaP in these complex patients. To better understand the unique characteristics of CaP in the renal transplant population, we performed a literature review of PubMed, without date limitations, using a combination of search terms including prostate cancer, end stage renal disease, renal transplantation, prostate cancer screening, prostate specific antigen kinetics, immuno-suppression, prostatectomy, and radiation therapy. Of special note, teams facilitating the care of these complex patients must carefully and meticulously consider the altered anatomy for surgical and radiotherapeutic planning. Active surveillance, though gaining popularity in the general low risk prostate cancer population, needs further study in this group, as does the management of advance disease. This review provides a comprehensive and contemporary understanding of the incidence, screening measures, risk stratification, and treatment options for CaP in RTRs.

Quantification of risk factors in 500 patients with postoperative urinary retention.

INTRODUCTION: An Institutional Quality and Safety Initiative to reduce postoperative urinary retention (POUR) and improve patient safety indicators (PSIs) was undertaken after a nurse driven protocol for catheter removal lead to an increase in POUR. The aim of this study was to identify the number of risk factors present in patients with POUR while examining the prevalence of those risk factors individually. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of our institution's surgical database was performed to identify 500 consecutive cases of POUR between July 1, 2013 and July 1, 2014. POUR was defined as the inability to void postoperatively with bladder scan volumes greater than 450 mL and subsequent need for catheterization with an output greater than 450 mL. These records were individually reviewed for 15 known independent risk factors for urinary retention. Patients with incomplete records or preoperative baseline urinary retention requiring catheterization were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 500 consecutive patients with POUR, 288 (57.6%) were male and 212 (42.4%) were female. At the time of voiding trial, all 500 patients with POUR (100%) had at least one perioperative risk factor identified and over 75% had six or more (mean 6.88, median 7, range 1-12). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple perioperative risk factors are present in the vast majority of patients with POUR. Many of the risk factors are modifiable and represent an opportunity for intervention. This could ultimately lead to a risk profile which could be used to optimize timing of postoperative voiding trials, thus improving patient care (improve PSIs and patient comfort, reduce trauma) while maintaining low rates of CAUTI.

Prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients.

As patients with end-stage renal disease are receiving renal allografts at older ages, the number of male renal transplant recipients (RTRs) being diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP) is increasing. Historically, the literature regarding the management of CaP in RTR's is limited to case reports and small case series. To date, there are no standardized guidelines for screening or management of CaP in these complex patients. To better understand the unique characteristics of CaP in the renal transplant population, we performed a literature review of PubMed, without date limitations, using a combination of search terms including prostate cancer, end stage renal disease, renal transplantation, prostate cancer screening, prostate specific antigen kinetics, immunosuppression, prostatectomy, and radiation therapy. Of special note, teams facilitating the care of these complex patients must carefully and meticulously consider the altered anatomy for surgical and radiotherapeutic planning. Active surveillance, though gaining popularity in the general low risk prostate cancer population, needs further study in this group, as does the management of advance disease. This review provides a comprehensive and contemporary understanding of the incidence, screening measures, risk stratification, and treatment options for CaP in RTRs.

Pharmacologic therapy for Peyronie's disease: what should we prescribe?

INTRODUCTION: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a wound healing disorder of the penis with a myriad of proposed treatment options reported in the literature. Evaluating the available data and therapeutic management of PD can be challenging and confusing, even for the most experienced treating physician. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacologic treatment options for PD, focusing on the best available evidence. AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive literature search for published articles evaluating oral, topical, and injectable pharmacologic agents for PD was completed. Prospective, controlled trials were given precedence for inclusion. EXPERT OPINION: Although a multitude of oral agents have been proposed and evaluated in PD patients, results vary widely and a reproducible objective benefit has not yet been strongly established for any single oral agent. Well-designed, large-scale, randomized controlled trials evaluating oral agents in PD patients are lacking. Consistent objective benefit from injectable agents has been supported for years by various non-controlled trials. Recently, injectable collagenase Clostridium histolyticum became the first pharmacologic agent to obtain FDA approval for use in PD patients, supported by data from a large-scale, Phase III randomized controlled trial. Further elucidation of the genetic and mechanistic pathways involved in the development and progression of PD will help define future therapeutic targets.

Preeclampsia-related increase of interleukin-11 expression in human decidual cells.

Preeclampsia is associated with increased systemic inflammation and superficial trophoblast invasion, which leads to insufficient uteroplacental blood flow. Interleukin (IL)-11 mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and facilitates decidualization. To identify IL11 expression in vivo at the maternal-placental interface in preeclampsia and control specimens and to evaluate the regulatory effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and IL1B, cytokines elevated in preeclampsia, on IL11 levels in first trimester decidual cells in vitro, placental sections were immunostained for IL11. Leukocyte-free first trimester decidual cells were incubated with estradiol (E(2))±10(-7)  mol/l medroxyprogesterone acetate±TNF or IL1B± inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor-κ B (NFKB), or protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways. An ELISA assessed secreted IL11 levels, and quantitative RT-PCR measured IL11 mRNA. IL11 immunoreactivity in placental sections was significantly higher in the cytoplasm of preeclamptic decidual cells versus gestational age-matched controls. Compared to decidual cells, IL11 immunostaining in neighboring trophoblast is lower, perivascular, and not different between control and preeclamptic specimens. TNF and IL1B enhanced levels of IL11 mRNA and secreted IL11 in cultured decidual cells. Specific inhibitors of the p38 MAPK and NFKB, but not PKC signaling pathways, reduced the stimulatory effect of IL1B. Expression of decidual IL11 is increased in preeclampsia and suggests a role for IL11 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.