Human metapneumovirus respiratory infection affects both innate and adaptive intestinal immunity.

Introduction: Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in children, immunocompromised people, and the elderly. Several respiratory viruses can induce intestinal inflammation and alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the major respiratory viruses contributing to infant mortality in children under 5 years of age worldwide, and the effect of this infection at the gut level has not been studied. Methods: Here, we evaluated the distal effects of HMPV infection on intestinal microbiota and inflammation in a murine model, analyzing several post-infection times (days 1, 3, and 5). Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with HMPV, and mice inoculated with a non-infectious supernatant (Mock) were used as a control group. Results: We did not detect HMPV viral load in the intestine, but we observed significant changes in the transcription of IFN-γ in the colon, analyzed by qPCR, at day 1 post-infection as compared to the control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the frequencies of different innate and adaptive immune cells in the colonic lamina propria, using flow cytometry. The frequency of monocyte populations was altered in the colon of HMPV -infected mice at days 1 and 3, with no significant difference from control mice at day 5 post-infection. Moreover, colonic CD8+ T cells and memory precursor effector CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in HMPV-infected mice at day 5, suggesting that HMPV may also alter intestinal adaptive immunity. Additionally, we did not find alterations in antimicrobial peptide expression, the frequency of colonic IgA+ plasma cells, and levels of fecal IgA. Some minor alterations in the fecal microbiota composition of HMPV -infected mice were detected using 16s rRNA sequencing. However, no significant differences were found in ß-diversity and relative abundance at the genus level. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the alterations in intestinal immunity following respiratory infection with HMPV infection. These effects do not seem to be mediated by direct viral infection in the intestinal tract. Our results indicate that HMPV can affect colonic innate and adaptive immunity but does not significantly alter the microbiota composition, and further research is required to understand the mechanisms inducing these distal effects in the intestine.

Structural differences between non-lucid dreams, lucid dreams and out-of-body experience reports assessed by graph analysis.

Dreaming is a complex phenomenon that occurs during sleep, involving various conscious dream experiences. Lucid dreams (LDs) involve heightened awareness within the dream environment, while out-of-body experiences (OBEs) involve the sensation of being outside one's physical body. OBEs occur during sleep paralysis (SP), where voluntary movements are inhibited during sleep/wake transitions while remaining aware of the surroundings. The relationship between LDs and OBEs is debated, with some viewing them as distinct phenomena and others considering them different manifestations of the same underlying experience. This study aimed to characterize non-lucid dreams, LDs, and OBEs by analyzing dream reports' structural properties. OBE reports displayed a condensed and interconnected network structure compared to non-lucid dreams and LDs. Additionally, OBE reports exhibited a specialized network structure, with specific nodes playing a more central role. These findings suggest that OBE dreams may have a more coherent and unified narrative, with certain nodes being pivotal in the network structure.

Dose Effects of Flubendiamide and Thiodicarb against Spodoptera Species Developing on Bt and Non-Bt Soybean.

An increase in Spodoptera species was reported in Bt soybean fields expressing Cry1Ac insecticidal proteins in Brazil, requiring additional management with chemical insecticides. Here, we evaluated the dose effects of flubendiamide and thiodicarb on Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782), Spodoptera albula (Walker, 1857) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that survived on MON 87751 × MON 87708 × MON 87701 × MON 89788, expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ac; MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean, expressing Cry1Ac; and non-Bt soybean. On unsprayed Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1Ac soybean, only S. frugiperda showed ~60% mortality after 10 d, whereas S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. albula showed >81% mortality. The surviving larvae of all species on this Bt soybean showed >80% mortality when exposed to the field label dose of flubendiamide (70 mL/ha) or thiodicarb (400 g/ha) or at 50% of these doses. In contrast, all four species had <25% and <19% mortality on Cry1Ac and non-Bt soybean, respectively. The surviving S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. albula on these soybean types presented >83% mortality after exposure to both dose levels of flubendiamide and thiodicarb. Some S. frugiperda larvae surviving on Cry1Ac and non-Bt soybean sprayed with a 50% dose of either insecticide developed into adults. However, the L1 larvae developing on Cry1Ac soybean leaves sprayed with flubendiamide and the L2 larvae on this soybean sprayed with thiodicarb had a prolonged immature stage, and the females displayed lower fecundity, which are likely to impact S. frugiperda population growth on soybean.

A straightforward one-step strategy for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and screening of variants of concern: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) has changed unevenly over time around the world. Although whole genome sequencing is the gold standard for virus characterisation, the discovery of alpha VOC causing spike gene target failure (SGTF) result, when tested using an reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, has provided a simple tool for tracking the frequencies of variants. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate if a multiplex RT-qPCR assay (BioM 4Plex VOC) could be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to perform a VOC screening test in a single reaction tube. Here, we present the multicentre study evaluating this assay. METHODS: Twelve laboratories have participated in the multicentre study. The BioM 4Plex VOC was distributed to them with detailed instructions of how to perform the test. They were asked to test the BioM 4Plex VOC in parallel with their routine Commercial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay. Additionally, they were requested to select SARS-CoV-2-positive samples with genome sequenced and lineage definition according to PANGO lineage classification. FINDINGS: The BioM 4Plex VOC and commercial RT-PCR assay are equally effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Results revealed a specificity of 96.5-100% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a sensitivity of 99.8-100% (95% CI), and an accuracy of 99.8-100% (95% CI). A 99% concordance rate was found between results from the BioM 4Plex VOC and that from available genome sequencing data. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The BioM 4Plex VOC provides an effective solution to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections and screening for VOCs in a single reaction. It is a straightforward method to help us monitor the frequency and distribution of VOCs and develop strategies to better cope with the pandemics.

Association between Karnofsky performance status and outcomes in cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The selection of appropriate criteria is essential to accurately identify cancer patients eligible for home parenteral nutrition (HPN). In this study, the association between Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) Scale scores and outcomes in cancer patients on HPN was evaluated. METHODS: Retrospective-observational-longitudinal-analytical study of a database of adult cancer patients on HPN. The variables analyzed were sex, age, cancer diagnosis, cancer location (digestive tract and genitourinary), nutritional status, including initial weight (IW), at the start of HPN), usual weight (UW) and IW/UW ratio, and body mass index (BMI) at the start of HPN. Performance status was assessed with the KPS scale. Type of catheter used, number of days on HPN and clinical progression of cancer patients were also studied. RESULTS: Data of 41 cancer patients (60.8% female) were evaluated. Mean age at the start of HPN was 60.45 years. Cancer location was digestive tract (n = 36; 87.8%); gynecologic (n = 4; 9.7%), urinary tract (n = 1; 2.4%). Median IW was 55 kg (45; 64) and BMI was 20 (17.58; 22.84). The IW/UW ratio was -15 kg (-20;-10). The catheters used were peripherally inserted central catheter (n = 30; 73.2%), tunneled (n = 9; 22%) and port (n = 2; 4.8%). The median duration of HPN was 72 days (30; 159). The KPS results showed that 16 cancer patients (39%) had KPS scores ≤50, 17 (41.5%) requiring HPN were discharged and 24 (58.5%) died. The association between disease progression and KPS scores ≤50 was significant (p = 0.025; OR (95% CI): 5.28 (1.07; 36.18). CONCLUSION: The KPS scale is a reliable tool to identify cancer patients eligible for HPN. Cancer patients with ≤50 scores had a five-fold increased risk of death than patients with >50 scores.

Influence of adjuvants added to teflubenzuron spray on resistant and susceptible strains of the soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Influência da adição de adjuvantes à calda de pulverização de teflubenzuron em linhagens resistentes e suscetíveis da lagarta falsa-medideira Chrysodeixis includens em soja (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a soybean and cotton pest in South America countries. Field-evolved resistance of SBL to inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis has been reported in Brazil; however, this mode of action is still widely used against SBL. On this basis, we conducted laboratory bioassays to investigate if adjuvants (Nimbus®, TA 35®, Break-Thru® S 240, and Rizospray Extremo®) added to the teflubenzuron spray increase the mortality of SBL strains (resistant, heterozygous, and susceptible to chitin biosynthesis inhibitors). Using chromatography analysis, we also evaluated the amount of teflubenzuron on soybean leaves when applied alone or in combination with adjuvants. In laboratory bioassays, the biological activity of teflubenzuron increased against the susceptible SBL strain when adjuvants were added. In contrast, no relevant effects of adjuvants added to the teflubenzuron spray against heterozygous and resistant SBL larvae were detected. In leaf bioassays, even leaves from the upper third part of the plants containing a significantly higher amount of teflubenzuron (3.4 mg/kg vs 1.7 and 0.6 mg/kg); the mortality of SBL strains was similar when teflubenzuron was applied alone or in mixture with adjuvants. Our findings indicated that adjuvants added to teflubenzuron spray do not provide a substantial increase in the mortality of SBL strains resistant to chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the use of this mode-ofaction insecticide against SBL and to give preference to other insecticides or control tactic.

A lagarta falsa-medideira, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), é uma praga da soja e do algodão nos países da América do Sul. A resistência de C. includens a inibidores da biossíntese de quitina tem sido relatada no Brasil. Entretanto, esse modo de ação ainda é amplamente utilizado para controle de C. includens. Com base nisso, conduzimos bioensaios em laboratório para investigar se adjuvantes (Nimbus®, TA 35®, Break-Thru® S 240 e Rizospray Extremo®) adicionados à calda inseticida de teflubenzuron aumentam a mortalidade de linhagens de C. includens (resistentes, heterozigotos e suscetíveis a inibidores da biossíntese de quitina). Usando análise cromatográfica, também avaliamos a quantidade de teflubenzuron em folhas de soja quando aplicado isolado ou em combinação com adjuvantes. Em bioensaios de laboratório, a atividade biológica do teflubenzuron aumentou para a linhagem suscetível quando os adjuvantes foram adicionados à calda inseticida. Em contraste, nenhum efeito relevante de adjuvantes adicionados ao teflubenzuron foi detectado para os heterozigotos e resistentes. Em bioensaios de folhas, mesmo naquelas do terço superior das plantas, as quais apresentaram uma maior deposição de teflubenzuron (3,4 mg/kg vs 1,7 e 0,6 mg/kg); a mortalidade das linhagens de C. includens foi semelhante quando o teflubenzuron foi aplicado isolado ou com adjuvantes. Nossos resultados indicam que os adjuvantes adicionados ao teflubenzuron não fornecem um aumento substancial na mortalidade de linhagens de C. includens resistentes aos inibidores da biossíntese de quitina. Portanto, é necessário reduzir o uso desse modo de ação para o manejo de C. includens e dar preferência a outros inseticidas ou tática de controle.

A straightforward one-step strategy for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and screening of variants of concern: a multicentre study

BACKGROUND The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) has changed unevenly over time around the world. Although whole genome sequencing is the gold standard for virus characterisation, the discovery of alpha VOC causing spike gene target failure (SGTF) result, when tested using an reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, has provided a simple tool for tracking the frequencies of variants. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if a multiplex RT-qPCR assay (BioM 4Plex VOC) could be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to perform a VOC screening test in a single reaction tube. Here, we present the multicentre study evaluating this assay. METHODS Twelve laboratories have participated in the multicentre study. The BioM 4Plex VOC was distributed to them with detailed instructions of how to perform the test. They were asked to test the BioM 4Plex VOC in parallel with their routine Commercial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay. Additionally, they were requested to select SARS-CoV-2-positive samples with genome sequenced and lineage definition according to PANGO lineage classification. FINDINGS The BioM 4Plex VOC and commercial RT-PCR assay are equally effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Results revealed a specificity of 96.5-100% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a sensitivity of 99.8-100% (95% CI), and an accuracy of 99.8-100% (95% CI). A 99% concordance rate was found between results from the BioM 4Plex VOC and that from available genome sequencing data. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The BioM 4Plex VOC provides an effective solution to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections and screening for VOCs in a single reaction. It is a straightforward method to help us monitor the frequency and distribution of VOCs and develop strategies to better cope with the pandemics.

A straightforward one-step strategy for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and screening of variants of concern: a multicentre study

BACKGROUND The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) has changed unevenly over time around the world. Although whole genome sequencing is the gold standard for virus characterisation, the discovery of alpha VOC causing spike gene target failure (SGTF) result, when tested using an reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, has provided a simple tool for tracking the frequencies of variants. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if a multiplex RT-qPCR assay (BioM 4Plex VOC) could be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to perform a VOC screening test in a single reaction tube. Here, we present the multicentre study evaluating this assay. METHODS Twelve laboratories have participated in the multicentre study. The BioM 4Plex VOC was distributed to them with detailed instructions of how to perform the test. They were asked to test the BioM 4Plex VOC in parallel with their routine Commercial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay. Additionally, they were requested to select SARS-CoV-2-positive samples with genome sequenced and lineage definition according to PANGO lineage classification. FINDINGS The BioM 4Plex VOC and commercial RT-PCR assay are equally effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Results revealed a specificity of 96.5-100% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a sensitivity of 99.8-100% (95% CI), and an accuracy of 99.8-100% (95% CI). A 99% concordance rate was found between results from the BioM 4Plex VOC and that from available genome sequencing data. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The BioM 4Plex VOC provides an effective solution to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections and screening for VOCs in a single reaction. It is a straightforward method to help us monitor the frequency and distribution of VOCs and develop strategies to better cope with the pandemics.

Interspecific Variation in Susceptibility to Insecticides by Lepidopteran Pests of Soybean, Cotton, and Maize Crops From Brazil.

The interspecific variation in susceptibility to insecticides by lepidopteran species of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)], cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) crops from Brazil were evaluated. Populations of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll), Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), and Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were collected from 2019 to 2021. Early L3 larvae (F2 generation) were exposed to the formulated insecticides methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb, spinetoram, flubendiamide, and chlorfenapyr in diet-overlay bioassays. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were used to calculate tolerance ratios (TR) of each species in relation to the most susceptible species to each insecticide. The lowest LC50 values were verified for A. gemmatalis to all insecticides tested. Chrysodeixis includens and most of the Spodoptera species were moderately tolerant to methoxyfenozide (TR < 8.0-fold) and indoxacarb (TR < 39.4-fold), whereas H. armigera was the most tolerant species to methoxyfenozide (TR = 21.5-fold), and indoxacarb (TR = 106.4-fold). Spodoptera cosmioides, S. eridania, and S. albula showed highest tolerance to spinetoram (TR > 1270-fold), S. eridania, S. frugiperda, and S. albula to flubendiamide (TR from 38- to 547-fold), and S. albula to indoxacarb (TR = 138.6-fold). A small variation in susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (TR < 4.4-fold) was found among the lepidopteran evaluated. Our findings indicate a large variation in susceptibility to indoxacarb, spinetoram, and flubendiamide and a relatively low variation in susceptibility to methoxyfenozide and chlorfenapyr by lepidopteran species of soybean, cotton, and maize from Brazil.

Assessing fitness costs of the resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pyramided Cry1 and Cry2 insecticidal proteins on different host plants.

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is one of the major pests targeted by transgenic crops expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner. However, FAW presents a high capacity to develop resistance to Bt protein-expressing crop lines, as reported in Brazil, Argentina, Puerto Rico and the southeastern U.S. Here, FAW genotypes resistant to pyramided maize events expressing Cry1F/Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 (P-R genotype) and Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 (Y-R genotype) from Brazil were used to investigate the interactions between non-Bt hosts (non-Bt maize, non-Bt cotton, millet and sorghum) and fitness costs. We also tested a FAW genotype susceptible to Bt maize and F1 hybrids of the resistant and susceptible genotypes (heterozygotes). Recessive fitness costs (i.e., costs affecting the resistant insects) were observed for pupal and neonate to adult survival of the P-R genotype on non-Bt cotton; larval developmental time of the P-R genotype on millet and sorghum; larval and neonate-to-adult developmental time of the Y-R genotype on non-Bt cotton and sorghum; the fecundity of the Y-R genotype on non-Bt cotton; and mean generation time of both resistant genotypes. However, on non-Bt cotton and non-Bt maize, the P-R genotype had a higher fitness (i.e., fitness benefits), displaying greater fecundity and rates of population increases than the Sus genotype. Non-recessive fitness costs (i.e., costs affecting heterozygotes) were found for fecundity and population increases on millet and sorghum. These findings suggest that, regardless of the disadvantages of the resistant genotypes in some hosts, the resistance of FAW to Cry1 and Cry2 Bt proteins is not linked with substantial fitness costs, and may persist in field conditions once present.

"Yo fui violentada adentro, estando en un lugar que me tenían que cuidar": Experiencias de opresión y violencias en contextos de salud hacia mujeres con discapacidad y abordajes desde la terapia ocupacional feminista / "Eu fui violentada por dentro, estando em um lugar deveria ser cuidada": Experiências de opressão e violência em contextos de saúde em relação a mulheres com deficiências e abordagens da terapia ocupacional feminista / "I was raped inside, being in a place where I was supposed to be taken care of": Experiences of oppression and violence in health contexts towards women with disabilities and approaches from feminist occupational therapy

Resumen Introducción Las prácticas de violencia en contextos de salud constituyen una de las múltiples manifestaciones de la violencia contra las mujeres con discapacidad. En Chile, como en el resto del mundo, el desarrollo de estudios sobre estas violencias aun es incipiente. Objetivos Caracterizar prácticas de violencia hacia mujeres con discapacidad en contextos de salud, y caracterizar experiencias de reivindicación de derechos humanos de este colectivo de mujeres en Chile, desde las voces de activistas y profesionales terapeutas ocupacionales. Método Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos cualitativos de un estudio ejecutado entre los años 2015 y 2020. Desde un enfoque cualitativo y estudio colectivo de casos, se realizó un análisis temático secundario de los datos obtenidos de 8 entrevistadas. Resultados Desde la perspectiva de las informantes, las mujeres con discapacidad experimentan violencia estructural de forma sistemática y transversal, la que atraviesa otras diversas formas de violencia: física, psicológica, sexual, obstétrica y simbólica-institucional. Las experiencias de reivindicación de derechos humanos de este colectivo reflejan procesos de emancipación, resistencia y construcción de prácticas transformadoras de estas vulneraciones. Conclusión Las prácticas de violencia en contextos de salud hacia mujeres con discapacidad en Chile es una situación visualizada como manifestaciones de dominación y opresión contra ellas, que perpetúan su exclusión social y desigualdades en salud. Frente a esta situación de injusticia social, mujeres activistas y profesionales terapeutas ocupacionales plantean la necesidad de implementar estrategias de reivindicación de derechos humanos, junto a prácticas de resistencia colectiva.

Resumo Introdução As práticas de violência em contextos de saúde constituem uma das múltiplas manifestações de violência contra as mulheres com deficiências. No Chile, como no resto do mundo, o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre esta violência ainda é incipiente. Objetivos Caracterizar práticas de violência contra mulheres com deficiências em contextos de saúde e caracterizar experiências de reivindicações de direitos humanos deste grupo de mulheres no Chile, a partir das vozes de ativistas e terapeutas ocupacionais profissionais. Método Foi realizada uma análise secundária dos dados qualitativos de um estudo realizado entre 2015 e 2020. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa e de um estudo de caso coletivo, foi realizada uma análise temática secundária dos dados obtidos de oito entrevistadas. Resultados Da perspectiva das informantes, as mulheres com deficiência experimentam a violência estrutural de forma sistemática e transversal, que atravessa outras formas de violência: física, psicológica, sexual, obstétrica e simbólica-institucional. As experiências deste grupo na reivindicação de seus direitos humanos refletem processos de emancipação, resistência e a construção de práticas que transformam estas violações. Conclusão As práticas de violência em contextos de saúde em relação às mulheres com deficiências no Chile é uma situação visualizada como manifestações de dominação e opressão contra elas, que perpetuam sua exclusão social e desigualdades na saúde. Diante desta situação de injustiça social, as mulheres ativistas e terapeutas ocupacionais profissionais propõem a necessidade de implementar estratégias para a reivindicação dos direitos humanos, juntamente com práticas de resistência coletiva.

Abstract Introduction The practices of violence in health contexts constitute one of the multiple manifestations of violence against women with disabilities. In Chile, as in the rest of the world, the development of studies on this violence is still incipient. Objectives To characterize practices of violence against women with disabilities in health contexts, and to characterize experiences of vindication of human rights of this group of women in Chile, from the voices of activists and professional occupational therapists. Method A secondary analysis of qualitative data from a study executed between 2015 and 2020 was conducted. From a qualitative approach and collective case study, a secondary thematic analysis of the data obtained from 8 interviewees was performed. Results From the perspective of the informants, women with disabilities experience structural violence in a systematic and transversal way, which crosses other various forms of violence: physical, psychological, sexual, obstetric, and symbolic-institutional. The experiences of this group in claiming their human rights reflect processes of emancipation, resistance, and construction of practices that transform these violations. Conclusion The practices of violence in health contexts toward women with disabilities in Chile is a situation visualized as manifestations of domination and oppression against them, which perpetuate their social exclusion and inequalities in health. Faced with this situation of social injustice, women activists and professional occupational therapists propose the need to implement strategies for the vindication of human rights, together with practices of collective resistance.

Resistance status of lepidopteran soybean pests following large-scale use of MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in Brazil.

Widespread adoption of MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean, expressing Cry1Ac Bt protein and glyphosate tolerance, has been observed in Brazil. A proactive program was implemented to phenotypically and genotypically monitor Cry1Ac resistance in Chrysodeixis includens (Walker). Recent cases of unexpected injury in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean were investigated and a large-scale sampling of larvae on commercial soybean fields was performed to assess the efficacy of this technology and the distribution of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. No significant shift in C. includens susceptibility to Cry1Ac was observed eight years after commercial introduction of this technology in Brazil. F2 screen results confirmed that the frequency of Cry1Ac resistance alleles remains low and stable in C. includens. Unexpected injury caused by Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean was detected during the 2020/21 season, and studies confirmed a genetically based alteration in their susceptibility to Cry1Ac. MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean remains effective against Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), C. includens, Chloridea virescents (Fabricius) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Brazil. However, there is evidence of field-evolved resistance to MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean by the secondary soybean pests R. nu and C. aporema.

Field-evolved resistance to chlorpyrifos by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Inheritance mode, cross-resistance patterns, and synergism.

BACKGROUND: Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is an economically important pest worldwide. In this study, we selected a genotype of FAW resistant to chlorpyrifos from a field-collected population, characterized the genetic basis of resistance, and evaluated cross-resistance and mechanisms of resistance using synergists. RESULTS: The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos for the resistant (Clorp-R) and susceptible (Sus) FAW genotypes were 24.26 and 0.023 µg per larva, respectively, representing a resistance ratio > 1050-fold. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos against heterozygotes were 3.34 and 4.00 µg per larva, suggesting that resistance is autosomally inherited. The chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was influenced by few genes, with the minimum numbers of segregations being 1.74 and 1.88. On chlorpyrifos-sprayed plants and leaves, Clorp-R and heterozygote genotypes showed >95% and >52% survival, respectively, whereas the Sus genotype had no survival, indicating that the resistance is incompletely dominant at the field rate of chlorpyrifos. The Clorp-R genotype presented some cross-resistance to acephate, but low cross-resistance to thiodicarb, methomyl, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, and teflubenzuron. The synergists piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithiotate did not have relevant effects on the Clorp-R genotype, suggesting a minor role for metabolic resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The inheritance of chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was characterized as autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic, with metabolic resistance playing a small role in the detoxification of chlorpyrifos. Low cross-resistance between chlorpyrifos and other mode of action (MoA) insecticides occurs in FAW, highlighting the importance of considering the rotation of MoA as a strategy to delay resistance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Caries dental y determinantes sociales de salud en niños de establecimientos educativos de los distritos de Canchaque y San Miguel de El Faique, provincia de Huancabamba, región de Piura, Perú, 2019 / Dental caries and social determinants of health in children of educational establishments of Canchaque and San Miguel de El Faique districts, Huancabamba province, Piura region, Perú, 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: el objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre Caries Dental (CD) y los Determinantes Sociales de la salud (DSS) en niños de establecimientos educativos de los distritos de Canchaque y San Miguel de El Faique, provincia de Huancabamba, región de Piura, Perú, año 2019. Métodos: estudio transversal. Muestra no probabilística, seleccionando 124 individuos de 11-12 años de sexto grado de primaria y primer grado de secundaria de las escuelas de los distritos de Canchaque y San Miguel de El Faique. Los DSS estuvieron compuestos por: género, ingreso económico, nivel de educación, condición de vivienda, empleo, saneamiento ambiental y acceso a los servicios de salud. La experiencia de CD fue medida mediante el índice CPOD. Se realizó un análisis bivariado empleando las pruebas estadísticas Chi cuadrado, U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: se encontró asociación entre prevalencia de caries dental y condición de vivienda (p<0,05), el índice de CPOD con género, nivel educativo, servicio higiénico y seguro de salud (p<0,05), y el índice ceod no presentó ninguna asociación con las variables (p>0,05). Conclusión: la caries dental tuvo asociación con los determinantes sociales de la salud de condición de vivienda, género, nivel educativo, servicio higiénico y seguro de salud.

ABSTRAC Introduction: the objective was to determine the association between Dental Caries (DC) and the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) in children from educational establishments in the Canchaque and San Miguel de El Faique districts, Huancabamba province, Piura region, Peru, 2019. Methods: cross-sectional study. Non-probability sample, selecting 124 individuals from 11-12 years of sixth grade of primary and first grade of secondary from schools in the districts of Canchaque and San Miguel de El Faique, Huancabamba province, Piura-Peru, year 2019. The SDOH were made up of: gender, economic income, education level, housing condition, employment, environmental sanitation and access to health services. DC experience was measured using the DMFT Index. A bivariate analysis was performed using statistical tests Chi-Square, Mann Whitney U test y Kruskal Wallis Results: it was found association between to the prevalence of DC and housing condition (p<0.05), the DMFT index with gender, education level, hygienic service and health insurance (p<0.05), and dmft index there was no association with the variables (p >0.05). Conclusions: the dental caries was associated with SDOH of housing condition, gender, education level, environmental sanitation and health insurance.

Analytical and clinical performance of molecular assay used by the Brazilian public laboratory network to detect and discriminate Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses in blood.

In response to the Zika epidemics in Brazil, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) was developed and registered at the Brazilian Regulatory Agency of Health Surveillance - ANVISA. The circulation of Zika (ZIKV) Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses and their clinical similarities are challenges to correctly diagnose these viruses. The simultaneous detection of ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV is an important tool for diagnosis and surveillance. Here, we present the analytical and clinical performance evaluation of ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) at the public health laboratories three years after its registration at ANVISA. The clinical performance demonstrates the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) has 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect and discriminate ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV from clinical plasma samples. The ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) results were highly reproducible and no cross-reactivity was seen during testing with a panel of other infectious agents. In conclusion, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) is an accurate and reliable tool to monitor Zika, dengue and chikungunya infections in countries like Brazil with simultaneous circulation of the three viruses.