[Income inequality and early childhood caries in Colombia: a multilevel analysis]. / Inequidad en el ingreso y caries de la infancia temprana en Colombia: un análisis multinivel.

The association between income inequality and dental caries on early childhood in Colombia was evaluated using a multi-level analysis. We analyzed data from the latest national oral survey (2014) and information about income in absolute and relative terms on a state-level. The outcomes were caries experience, and untreated caries. A multilevel logistic regression model was used (2 levels) with children/households nested within states. Age, gender, area-level socioeconomic position (SEP), household income and health insurance regime were the level 1 explanatory variables. For level 2, variables were the Gini coefficient, Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Data from 5.250 children, aged 1, 3 and 5 years were evaluated. Prevalence of caries experience and untreated caries was 36.9% and 33.0% respectively. Both outcomes showed significant associations with age, low SEP and belonging to the subsidized health insurance regime: untreated dental caries was associated with living in low and very low SEP (OR: 1.72; 95%CI 1.42, 2.07 and OR: 1.69; 95%CI 1.36, 2.09 respectively), and subsidized health insurance scheme (OR: 1.58; 95%CI 1.11, 2.24). When the Gini, GDP and UBN indicators were included in the models, no significant associations were found.

Evaluamos la asociación entre inequidad en los ingresos y caries de la infancia temprana en Colombia, utilizando un análisis multinivel. Analizamos datos del último estudio nacional de salud bucal (2014) e información sobre ingresos en términos absolutos y relativos a nivel departamental. Los desenlaces fueron experiencia de caries y caries no tratada. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multinivel con dos niveles: niños/familias (nivel 1) anidados en departamentos (nivel 2). En el nivel 1 se consideraron variables de edad, sexo, posición socioeconómica (PSE) de la vivienda, ingresos del hogar y régimen de aseguramiento en salud. Para el nivel 2 las variables fueron coeficiente Gini, Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) y Producto Interno Bruto (PIB). Se evaluaron datos de 5.250 niños de 1, 3 y 5 años, 36.9% tenían experiencia de caries y 33.0% caries no tratada. Los desenlaces mostraron asociaciones significativas con edad, PSE baja del hogar y pertenecer al régimen subsidiado de salud. Para caries no tratada se encontraron asociaciones con PSE baja o muy baja (OR: 1.72; IC95% 1.42, 2.07 y OR: 1.69; IC95% 1.36, 2.09 respectivamente) y régimen subsidiado de salud (OR: 1.58; IC95% 1.11, 2.24). No se encontraron asociaciones significativas con indicadores de coeficiente Gini, PIB y NBI.

Inequidad en el ingreso y caries de la infancia temprana en Colombia: un análisis multinivel / Income inequality and early childhood caries in Colombia: a multilevel analysis

Resumen Evaluamos la asociación entre inequidad en los ingresos y caries de la infancia temprana en Colombia, utilizando un análisis multinivel. Analizamos datos del último estudio nacional de salud bucal (2014) e información sobre ingresos en términos absolutos y relativos a nivel departamental. Los desenlaces fueron experiencia de caries y caries no tratada. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multinivel con dos niveles: niños/familias (nivel 1) anidados en departamentos (nivel 2). En el nivel 1 se consideraron variables de edad, sexo, posición socioeconómica (PSE) de la vivienda, ingresos del hogar y régimen de aseguramiento en salud. Para el nivel 2 las variables fueron coeficiente Gini, Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) y Producto Interno Bruto (PIB). Se evaluaron datos de 5.250 niños de 1, 3 y 5 años, 36.9% tenían experiencia de caries y 33.0% caries no tratada. Los desenlaces mostraron asociaciones significativas con edad, PSE baja del hogar y pertenecer al régimen subsidiado de salud. Para caries no tratada se encontraron asociaciones con PSE baja o muy baja (OR: 1.72; IC95% 1.42, 2.07 y OR: 1.69; IC95% 1.36, 2.09 respectivamente) y régimen subsidiado de salud (OR: 1.58; IC95% 1.11, 2.24). No se encontraron asociaciones significativas con indicadores de coeficiente Gini, PIB y NBI.

Abstract The association between income inequality and dental caries on early childhood in Colombia was evaluated using a multi-level analysis. We analyzed data from the latest national oral survey (2014) and information about income in absolute and relative terms on a state-level. The outcomes were caries experience, and untreated caries. A multilevel logistic regression model was used (2 levels) with children/households nested within states. Age, gender, area-level socioeconomic position (SEP), household income and health insurance regime were the level 1 explanatory variables. For level 2, variables were the Gini coefficient, Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Data from 5.250 children, aged 1, 3 and 5 years were evaluated. Prevalence of caries experience and untreated caries was 36.9% and 33.0% respectively. Both outcomes showed significant associations with age, low SEP and belonging to the subsidized health insurance regime: untreated dental caries was associated with living in low and very low SEP (OR: 1.72; 95%CI 1.42, 2.07 and OR: 1.69; 95%CI 1.36, 2.09 respectively), and subsidized health insurance scheme (OR: 1.58; 95%CI 1.11, 2.24). When the Gini, GDP and UBN indicators were included in the models, no significant associations were found.

New occurrence and potential distribution of Anastrepha zacharyi (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Eastern Amazon

Abstract The species Anastrepha zacharyi Norrbom has recently been recorded in the Amazon, however the species is subsampling in the biome. In this research, we report a new occurrence of A. zacharyi in the state of Pará and, through climate suitability modelling, present new possible distribution areas of the species in the Brazilian eastern Amazon.

Prevalence of periodontitis in a population of patients on dialysis in Colombia.

The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis (CP) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and to ascertain its relationship with several factors or indicators of micro inflammation. One hundred and thirty-jive CKD patients on dialysis treatment were included. Biochemical parameters, clinical attachment level and pocket depth were recorded according of the American Academy of Periodontology and the CDC (CDC-AAP). Gingivitis and CP were recorded based on the biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal diseases classification. The rate of non-response to the survey was 10 percent. A total 2,636 teeth in 135 patients were examined, of whom 52.5% were males. Average age was 55.7 years (SD ± 1.32); 41.4% had a smoking history; 78/135 patients were on hemodialysis and 57/135 on peritoneal dialysis; 55.5% had been on dialysis for more than three years. Prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 14.8%, 95% CI (9.7-21.9) and 82.2%, 95% CI (74.7 - 87.8), respectively; according to the BGI Index. Severity of CP was: No periodontitis, 14.0% 95% CI (9.1 - 21.1); mild, 11.1% 95% CI (6.7 -17.7); moderate, 28.8% 95% CI (21.7- 37.1); and severe, 45.9% 95% CI (31.6-54.47). Peritoneal dialysis and time on dialysis > 3 years increase the chance of having periodontitis, OR 11.0 95% CI (2.2-53.8) and OR 7.6 95% CI (1.1-50.2), respectively. In view of the high prevalence of CP in this population, programs designed to ensure better periodontal and gingival care in the population on dialysis need to be established.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de Periodontitis Crónica (PC) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis y determinar la relación de su presencia con algunos indicadores de micro inflamación. Un total de 135 pacientes con ERC en terapia dialítica fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se evaluaron parámetros bioquímicos, nivel de inserción clínica (NIC) y profundidad de sondaje (PS), de acuerdo con la Asociación Americana de Periodoncia y el CDC de Atlanta (CDC-AAP). También fue evaluada, la gingivitis y la PC de acuerdo con la clasificación interface biopelicula-encia (BGI). La tasa de no respuesta a la encuesta fue del 10%. Un total de 2636 dientes en 135 pacientes fueron evaluados, (52.5% hombres, edad promedio 55.7 ± 1.32), 56% con antecedente de tabaquismo. 78/135 en hemodiálisis y 57/135 en diálisis peritoneal, el 55.5 % con un tiempo en diálisis mayor a tres años. La prevalencia de gingivitis por la clasificación BGI fue del 14.8% IC 95% (9.7 - 21.9) y de periodontitis 82.2% IC 95% (74.7 - 87.8). La severidad de la PC fue: sin periodontitis 14.0% 95% IC (9.1 - 21.1); leve 11.1% 95% IC (6.7 - 17.7); moderada 28.8% 95% IC (21.7 - 37.1) y severa 45.9% 95% IC (31.6-54.47) La diálisis peritoneal y el tiempo en diálisis aumentaron la chance de tener PC: OR 11.0 95% IC (2.2-53.8) y OR 7.6 95% CI (1.1-50.2) respectivamente. Por la alta prevalencia de PC en esta población, es necesario establecer programas para asegurar el cuidado de la salud periodontal en esta población en diálisis.

Prevalence of periodontitis in a population of patients on dialysis in Colombia

The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis (CP) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and to ascertain its relationship with several factors or indicators of micro inflammation. One hundred and thirtyfive CKD patients on dialysis treatment were included. Biochemical parameters, clinical attachment level and pocket depth were recorded according of the American Academy of Periodontology and the CDC (CDCAAP). Gingivitis and CP were recorded based on the biofilmgingival interface (BGI) periodontal diseases classification. The rate of nonresponse to the survey was 10 percent. A total 2,636 teeth in 135 patients were examined, of whom 52.5% were males. Average age was 55.7 years (SD ± 1.32); 41.4% had a smoking history; 78/135 patients were on hemodialysis and 57/135 on peritoneal dialysis; 55.5% had been on dialysis for more than three years. Prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 14.8%, 95% CI (9.721.9) and 82.2%, 95% CI (74.7 ­ 87.8), respectively; according to the BGI Index. Severity of CP was: No periodontitis, 14.0% 95% CI (9.1 21.1) ; mild, 11.1% 95% CI (6.7 17.7) ; moderate, 28.8% 95% CI (21.7 37.1) ; and severe, 45.9% 95% CI (31.654.47). Peritoneal dialysis and time on dialysis > 3 years increase the chance of having periodontitis, OR 11.0 95% CI (2.253.8) and OR 7.6 95% CI (1.150.2), respectively. In view of the high prevalence of CP in this population, programs designed to ensure better periodontal and gingival care in the population on dialysis need to be established (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de Periodontitis Crónica (PC) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis y determinar la relación de su presencia con algunos indicadores de micro inflamación. Un total de 135 pacientes con ERC en terapia dialítica fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se evaluaron parámetros bioquímicos, nivel de inserción clínica (NIC) y profundidad de sondaje (PS), de acuerdo con la Asociación Americana de Periodoncia y el CDC de Atlanta (CDCAAP). También fue evaluada, la gingivitis y la PC de acuerdo con la clasificación interface biopeliculaencia (BGI). La tasa de no respuesta a la encuesta fue del 10%. Un total de 2636 dientes en 135 pacientes fueron evaluados, (52.5% hombres, edad promedio 55.7 ± 1.32), 56% con antecedente de tabaquismo. 78/135 en hemodiálisis y 57/135 en diálisis peritoneal, el 55.5 % con un tiempo en diálisis mayor a tres años. La prevalencia de gingivitis por la clasificación BGI fue del 14.8% IC 95% (9.7 21.9) y de periodontitis 82.2% IC 95% (74.7 ­ 87.8). La severidad de la PC fue: sin periodontitis 14.0% 95% IC (9.1 21.1) ; leve 11.1% 95% IC (6.7 17.7) ; moderada 28.8% 95% IC (21.7 37.1) y severa 45.9% 95% IC (31.654.47) La diálisis peritoneal y el tiempo en diálisis aumentaron la chance de tener PC: OR 11.0 95% IC (2.253.8) y OR 7.6 95% CI (1.150.2) respectiva mente. Por la alta prevalencia de PC en esta población, es necesario establecer programas para asegurar el cuidado de la salud periodontal en esta población en diálisis (AU)

Efecto de agentes blanqueadores libres de peróxido sobre el color dental. Revisión sistemática / Effect of Peroxide-Free Dental Bleaching Agents on Dental Color. Systematic Review

Antecedentes: Los agentes blanqueadores oxidantes tales como los peróxidos generan daños irreversibles en el esmalte dental y afectan químicamente el componente orgánico e inorgánico del esmalte. Se reportan en la literatura sustancias alternativas que pueden mejorar el color del esmalte, sin causarle daño. Objetivo: Identificar las sustancias blanqueadoras tipo remineralizante reportadas en la literatura y su efecto en el color del esmalte dental. Métodos: Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scielo, Lilacs y Scopus, las palabras clave empleadas para la búsqueda fueron dental enamel, tooth bleaching, bleaching, calcium phosphate, hidroxyapatite, apatite, biomimetic, biomimetics, conectadas por el operador booleano AND y OR de diferentes maneras. Los criterios de elegibilidad de los artículos que harían parte de la revisión fueron que no incluyeran peróxidos de hidrógeno y carbamida con adición fluoruros y fosfatos de calcio y adicionalmente que emplearan un método de medición de color. Resultados: El resultado de la búsqueda arrojó 7 artículos, las sustancias encontradas de tipo remineralizante fueron hidroxiapatita sintética, fosfatos de calcio y el hexametafosfato de sodio. Según los criterios de evaluación definidos solo 4 de ellos tuvieron un nivel de evidencia alto, uno nivel medio y dos bajos. Todos los estudios reportan con los tratamientos probados, la capacidad de generar cambios en el color del esmalte dental. Conclusión: Las sustancias blanqueadoras remineralizantes encontradas, tienen la capacidad de producir cambios en el color del esmalte dental, lo cual se evidencia con modificación en las diferentes escalas de medición empleadas.

Background: Oxidizing bleaching agents such as peroxides generate irreversible damage to dental enamel and chemically affect the organic and inorganic component of the enamel. Alternative substances that can improve the color of the enamel without damaging it are reported in the literature. Purpose: To identify the remineralizing bleaching substances reported in the literature and their effect on the color of the dental enamel. Methods: The databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, SciELO, Lilacs and Scopus were consulted, the keywords used for the search were dental enamel, tooth bleaching, bleaching, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, apatite, biomimetic, biomimetics, connected by the Boolean operator AND and OR in different ways. The eligibility criteria of the articles that would be part of the review were not to include hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxides with addition of fluorides and calcium phosphates and additionally using a color measurement method. Results: The result of the search yielded 7 articles, the substances found of remineralizing type were synthetic hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphates and sodium hexametaphosphate. According to the evaluation criteria defined, only 4 of them had a high level of evidence, one medium level and two low. All studies report with proven treatments the ability to generate changes in tooth enamel color. Conclusions: The remineralizing whitening substances found have the ability to produce changes in the color of the dental enamel, which is evidenced with modification in the different measurement scales used.

Dossier temático revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura en odontología / Thematic dossier systematic reviews of literature in dentistry

La producción científica mundial en odontología crece anualmente de forma exponencial. Los grupos de investigación se enfocan en una gran variedad de áreas y problemas, algunos más populares que otros, muchas veces buscando respuestas a preguntas similares de investigación con metodologías similares y otras veces empleando metodologías diferentes. Sin embargo, la evidencia resultante no es necesariamente homogénea, puede ser contradictoria o menos rigurosa. Esto genera la oportunidad de investigar la evidencia científica de mayor fortaleza, lo cual se puede hacer a través de revisiones descriptivas o análisis estadísticos sofisticados de las publicaciones existentes. Las primeras tienen comúnmente la forma de revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y los segundos son metanálisis. Las revisiones sistemáticas, como estudios integrativos o secundarios, son un paso adelante en el análisis de la evidencia primaria (trabajos terminados y publicados) para responder a preguntas específicas y posiblemente generar nuevas hipótesis de trabajo.

Prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte en dentición temporal, en una población bogotana / Prevalence of developmental defects of the enamel in primary dentition in a bogotan population

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar en un área con fluorización sistémica, la prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte en dentición temporal de niños/niñas entre 4 y 6 años de un colegio público de Bogotá, Colombia. Método En 153 escolares se realizó muestreo aleatorio simple obteniendo 62 niños sistémicamente sanos en quienes se valoraron clínica y detalladamente los dientes. La examinadora fue calibrada con una experta en el índice modificado de Defectos de Desarrollo del Esmalte de la Federación Dental Internacional obteniendo Kappa interexaminador de 0,9 e intraexaminador de 0,8. Se contó con consentimiento informado y aprobación del estudio por parte del Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional. Resultados La prevalencia de DDE fue de 74,2 % (IC 95 % 62,1-83,4) distribuidos en: opacidades demarcadas 86,9 % (IC 95 % 74,3-93,3), opacidades difusas 76,1 % (IC 95 % 62,4-85,7) e hipoplasias 2,2 % (IC 95 % 0,4-11,1). La combinación de defectos más frecuente en un mismo individuo fue opacidades demarcadas y difusas. El maxilar más afectado fue el superior 54,6 % y los dientes más comprometidos fueron los segundos molares 56 %. El promedio de dientes afectados con DDE por individuo fue de 4,7 ± DE 2,6. Conclusiones La alta prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte encontrada, así la severidad haya sido baja, debe alertar a órganos decisores en salud para ejercer controles orientados a prevenirlos. Se deben realizar más estudios con metodologías estandarizadas para llegar a conocer la prevalencia global de los defectos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine in an area with systemic fluoridation, the prevalence of development of enamel defects in children's primary teeth between 4-6 years old from a public school in Bogota, Colombia. Method A simple random sample was conducted in 153 students, obtaining 62 healthy children, detailed dental clinical assesment were performed in them. The examiner was calibrated by an expert in the modified index of Dental Enamel Defects from the International Dental Federation obtaining a kappa inter-examiner and intra-examiner measures of 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. An informed consent and approval of the study by the Ethical Committee of the School of Dentistry at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia were obtained. Results The prevalence of dental enamel defects was 74.2 % (62.1 - 83.4) 95 % CI, distributed in: demarcated opacities 86.9 % (74.3-93.3) 95 % CI, diffuse opacities 76.1 % (62.4-85.7) 95 % CI and hypoplasia 2.2 % (0.4-11.1) 95 % CI. The most frequent combination of defects in an individual was demarcated and diffuse opacities. The most affected maxilla was the superior 54.6 % and the most compromised teeth were the second molar 56 %. The average teeth affected with dental enamel defects per individual was 4.7 ± SD 2.6. Conclusions The high prevalence of dental enamel defects found, despite low severity, suggests more attention of the health authorities leading preventive programs. More studies should be done with standardized methodologies in order to estimate the overall prevalence of the defects.(AU)

[Prevalence of developmental defects of the enamel in primary dentition in a bogotan population]. / Prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte en dentición temporal, en una población bogotana.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in an area with systemic fluoridation, the prevalence of development of enamel defects in children's primary teeth between 4-6 years old from a public school in Bogota, Colombia. METHOD: A simple random sample was conducted in 153 students, obtaining 62 healthy children, detailed dental clinical assesment were performed in them. The examiner was calibrated by an expert in the modified index of Dental Enamel Defects from the International Dental Federation obtaining a kappa inter-examiner and intra-examiner measures of 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. An informed consent and approval of the study by the Ethical Committee of the School of Dentistry at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia were obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental enamel defects was 74.2 % (62.1 - 83.4) 95 % CI, distributed in: demarcated opacities 86.9 % (74.3-93.3) 95 % CI, diffuse opacities 76.1 % (62.4-85.7) 95 % CI and hypoplasia 2.2 % (0.4-11.1) 95 % CI. The most frequent combination of defects in an individual was demarcated and diffuse opacities. The most affected maxilla was the superior 54.6 % and the most compromised teeth were the second molar 56 %. The average teeth affected with dental enamel defects per individual was 4.7 ± SD 2.6. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of dental enamel defects found, despite low severity, suggests more attention of the health authorities leading preventive programs. More studies should be done with standardized methodologies in order to estimate the overall prevalence of the defects.

OBJETIVO: Determinar en un área con fluorización sistémica, la prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte en dentición temporal de niños/niñas entre 4 y 6 años de un colegio público de Bogotá, Colombia. MÉTODO: En 153 escolares se realizó muestreo aleatorio simple obteniendo 62 niños sistémicamente sanos en quienes se valoraron clínica y detalladamente los dientes. La examinadora fue calibrada con una experta en el índice modificado de Defectos de Desarrollo del Esmalte de la Federación Dental Internacional obteniendo Kappa interexaminador de 0,9 e intraexaminador de 0,8. Se contó con consentimiento informado y aprobación del estudio por parte del Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de DDE fue de 74,2 % (IC 95 % 62,1-83,4) distribuidos en: opacidades demarcadas 86,9 % (IC 95 % 74,3-93,3), opacidades difusas 76,1 % (IC 95 % 62,4-85,7) e hipoplasias 2,2 % (IC 95 % 0,4-11,1). La combinación de defectos más frecuente en un mismo individuo fue opacidades demarcadas y difusas. El maxilar más afectado fue el superior 54,6 % y los dientes más comprometidos fueron los segundos molares 56 %. El promedio de dientes afectados con DDE por individuo fue de 4,7 ± DE 2,6. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de defectos de desarrollo del esmalte encontrada, así la severidad haya sido baja, debe alertar a órganos decisores en salud para ejercer controles orientados a prevenirlos. Se deben realizar más estudios con metodologías estandarizadas para llegar a conocer la prevalencia global de los defectos.

Frecuencia de tumores odontogénicos benignos en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogotá, Colombia). Un estudio retrospectivo a nueve años / Frequency of tumors benign odontogenic in the Fundacion Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogota, Colombia). A retrospective study to nine years

Introducción: Los tumores odontogénicos son neoplasias benignas atípicas, potencialmenteagresivas, multifactoriales, derivadas del tejido odontogénico embrionario;por este motivo, son exclusivos de los maxilares. No obstante, existen pocos estudiosde tumores odontogénicos benignos (TOB) en niños. Objetivo: Describir la frecuenciade los TOB en menores de 18 años de edad en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia(HOMI). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte trans versal. Se revisaron en total 277 historias clínicasde lesiones en cabeza y cuello y zona anatómicamaxilofacial, en la base de datos ISIS del HOMI,en pacientes de 0-18 años de edad, atendidosentre 2006 y 2014. Se utilizaron los códigos dela Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades(CIE-10) y la clasificación de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud. Resultados: De las historiasclínicas revisadas, 36 cumplieron con loscriterios de selección para los TOB. Estos presentaronuna relativa baja frecuencia del 12,37 %respecto a la patología reportada por los serviciostratantes de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría delos TOB pertenecen al estrato socioeconómico 1(30,55 %). Conclusiones: Este estudio muestraque los TOB son lesiones de relativa baja frecuenciaen la región maxilofacial en la poblaciónpediátrica, con una relación hombre mujer 2:1.También la mayoría de los casos se encontraronen la segunda década de vida.

Introduction: The Odontogenic tumors are atypical, potentially aggressive, multifactorial benign neoplasms, odontogenic derived from embryonic tissue for this reason they are exclusive to the jaws. There are few studies of odontogenic benign tumors in children. Objetive: To describe the frequency of Benign Odontogenic Tumors (BOT) in less than 18 years in the Mercy Hospital Foundation (HOMI). Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted cross-section. We reviewed in total 277 medical records of injuries to the head and neck and maxillofacial anatomical area, at the base of the HOMI ISIS data in patients 0-18 years of age, treated between 2006 to 2014. CIE-10 codes were used and classification of the World Health Organization. Results: Were reviewed 277 medical records with maxillofacial pathology; 36 medical records met the selection criteria for the BOT. The BOT had low relative frequency of 12.37% compared to pathology services reported by the treating head and neck. Most BOT who presented belong to socioeconomic stratum 1 (30.55%). Conclusions: This study shows that the BOT are low relative frequency of injuries in the maxillofacial region in the pediatric population, with a male to female ratio 2:1. Also most of the cases were found in the second decade of life.

The impact of diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica in patients with MS: a 10-year follow-up of the South Atlantic Project.

BACKGROUND: It is recognized that there is a particular geographic and ethnic distribution of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) among Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVE: To review the diagnoses of patients whom were enrolled in the South Atlantic Project, a Brazilian multiple sclerosis (MS) survey performed from 1995-1998, and to identify NMO and MS case frequencies. METHODS: We reviewed the data from a 10-year follow-up of MS patients. To apply the current diagnostic criteria, the neurologists were asked to collect clinical and laboratory data from the medical records of study patients treated from 1999-2009. RESULTS: The spectrum of inflammatory demyelinating disease in 322 patients (67% white; 33% African-Brazilian) was: 49 (15%) with NMO; 14 (4%) with NMO syndromes; 10 (3%) with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); one isolated tumefactive brain lesion; 249 (77%) with MS (151 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 70 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and 27 with primary progressive MS (PPMS)). Disability was more severe in NMO and PPMS. One-third of the NMO patients had died. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of NMO was 6.8% in São Paulo and 20.5% in Rio de Janeiro, and mainly seen in persons of African descent, which strengthens the hypothesis of there being an ethnic association of this disease. We recommend that epidemiological studies on MS that were performed previously be reviewed again, to ensure more accurate diagnoses.

Bioatividade de pós de espécies vegetais sobre a reprodução de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr. 1775) (Coleoptera: bruchidae) / Bioactivity of powders from plant species on reproduction of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr. 1775) (Coleoptera: bruchidae)

Os inseticidas de origem botânica têm-se mostrado uma alternativa promissora na redução de insetos que atacam grãos armazenados. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial inseticida de nove espécies vegetais na reprodução de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Folhas e ramos das plantas cumaru (Amburana cearensis), marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), mussambê (Cleome spinosa), jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), mangirioba (Senna occidentalis), alfazema-brava (Hyptis suaveolens) e juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro) foram secos e moídos, separadamente, até obter um pó fino e, posteriormente, aplicados sobre amostras de grãos de feijão-caupi (45 g) contidas em copos plásticos (100 mL). Cada amostra foi infestada com um casal recém-emergido de C. maculatus e registrada a oviposição de cada fêmea. Grãos infestados, mas sem adição de pó foram utilizados como testemunha. O estudo foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, em arranjo fatorial 9 x 2 + 1, correspondente às espécies de plantas, tipos de pó e testemunha, respectivamente. Para cada tratamento foi avaliado o número total de ovos por fêmea, o número de adultos emergidos e a razão sexual de C. maculatus. A sobrevivência dos adultos não foi afetada pela presença de pó quando comparada à testemunha. A média total de ovos variou entre 68,7 e 85,3 e não foi diferente entre os tratamentos. Contudo, grãos tratados com pó de folhas de mussambê e pó de ramos de juazeiro e pereiro tiveram a menor emergência de adultos (entre 68,1 e 70,9%). De forma semelhante, a razão sexual de C. maculatus foi reduzida em grãos tratados com pó de folhas de mussambê e pó de ramos das espécies jurema-preta, angico e pereiro com, aproximadamente, 40% de fêmeas a menos.

Botanical insecticides have been employed successfully against some stored product insects. In this study, the insecticidal potential of nine plant species was evaluated on the reproduction of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Leaves and stems of "cumaru" (Amburana cearensis), "marmeleiro" (Croton sonderianus), "mussambê" (Cleome spinosa), "jurema-preta" (Mimosa tenuiflora), "angico" (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), "pereiro" (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), "mangirioba" (Senna occidentalis), "alfazema-brava" (Hyptis suaveolens) and "juazeiro" (Ziziphus joazeiro) were dried and ground, separately, into a fine powder which was thoroughly mixed with 45 g of cowpea beans in a plastic cup (100 mL). Each sample was infested with a pair of newly emerged C. maculatus and the numbers of eggs and emerged adults and sex ratio were registered. Infested cowpea grains without any powder were used as a control treatment. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with five replicates in a factorial arrangement of 9 x 2 + 1, corresponding to plant species, types of powders and control treatment, respectively. Powders from different plant species have not significant effect on survival of C. maculatus adults when compared with the control. Similarly, the total number of eggs was not different between plant species studied and this number ranged between 68.7 and 85.3 eggs per female. However, powder from "mussambê" leaves or "juazeiro" and "pereiro" stems had the lowest adult emergence between 68.1% and 70.9%. With regard to sex ratio of C. maculatus, powder from "mussambê" leaves and that from "jurema-preta", "angico" and "pereiro" stems reduced the number of female emerged in approximately 40%.

First report of the infestation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss by Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Brazil / Primeiro relato da infestação de Azadirachta indica A. Juss por Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) no BrasilPrimeiro relato da infestação de Azadirachta indica A. Juss por Aonidiella orientalis (Newestead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) no Brasil

The infestation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) by scale insects of the species Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is reported for the first time. Leaves and twigs exhibiting signs of wilting were collected from the basal-interior parts of the canopy of neem trees that had been planted in the city of Limoeiro do Norte, located in the northeastern state of Ceará, Brazil. The identity of the oriental scale insect A. orientalis was confirmed by microscopic examination. The insect pest has not been observed previously in the northern states of Brazil, hence the present report is significant in that it focuses attention on the mobility of A. orientalis and on its potential to infest other plant species in that region.

A infestação de Azadiractha indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) pela cochonilha da espécie Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) é relatada pela primeira vez. Folhas e galhos exibindo sinais de murcha foram obtidos da parte basal interna da copa de árvores que haviam sido plantadas na cidade de Limoeiro do Norte localizada no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. A identidade dos insetos foi confirmada através de exame microscópico. Visto que esse inseto não havia sido observado antes nos estados do norte do Brasil, o presente artigo é importante, pois desperta a atenção para a mobilidade de A. orientalis e seu potencial para infestar outras espécies nesta região.

Seletividade de inseticidas para ovos e ninfas de Orius insidiosus ( Say ) ( Hemiptera: Anthocoridae ) / Selectivity of inseticides to eggs and nymphs of Orius insidiosus ( Say ) ( Hemiptera: Anthocoridae )

O predador Orius insidiosus (Say) alimenta-se de tripes, afídeos, moscas-brancas, ácaros e pequenas lagartas, contribuindo para a regulação populacional dessas pragas em diferentes agroecossistemas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas abamectina, cartape, ciromazina, fempropatrina e imidaclopride, registrados para a cultura do crisântemo, para ovos e ninfas de 1°, 2° e 3° instares de O. insidiosus. Os produtos foram pulverizados em torre de Potter, sendo utilizadas as maiores doses recomendadas para o controle de pragas na cultura do crisântemo. Após a pulverização, os ovos e ninfas foram mantidos em condições controladas, com temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, UR de 70 ± 10 por cento e fotofase de 12h. Avaliaram-se a duração do período embrionário, a viabilidade dos ovos e a duração e sobrevivência de ninfas. Os ovos de O. insidiosus foram tolerantes a todos os inseticidas. Cartape e ciromazina foram seletivos às ninfas de 1°, 2° e 3° ínstares, enquanto que os demais produtos foram tóxicos. Fempropatrina provocou 100 por cento de mortalidade de O. insidiosus nos três ínstares avaliados. Os inseticidas cartape e ciromazina podem ser recomendados para uso em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura do crisântemo.

Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura dos citros para ovos e larvas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) / Selectivity of insecticides used in citrus crops to eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of abamectin (0.0054 g a.i. L-1), deltamethrin (0.0125 g a.i. L-1), fenbutatin oxide (0.4 g a.i. L-1), lufenuron (0.0375 g a.i. L-1), tebufenozide (0.12 g a.i. L-1) and thiacloprid (0.036 g a.i. L-1) to eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). Commercial formulations of the insecticides were diluted in water and sprayed, using a Potter’s tower,at 1.5 ± 0.5 mg.cm-2, either on eggs or on glass plates, where first, second and third-instar larvae were placed to assess the contact action on them. Egg viability, survival of larvae, pupae and adults, and the effects of the compounds on the reproductive capacity of individuals were evaluated. The total toxic effect (E) of the insecticides was calculated according to the standard methodology established by IOBC. All tested insecticides were selective for eggs of C. externa. Lufenuron and deltamethrin were highly toxic to first, second and third-instar larvae of C. externa (E > 99% of mortality). Abamectin, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were moderately toxic to larvae of C. externa. First-instar larvae were the most sensitive to the compounds. All tested insecticides need to be tested undergreenhouse and field conditions, to further evaluate their suitability for IPM programs in citrus crops.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas abamectina (0,0054 g i.a. L-1), deltametrina (0,0125 g i.a. L-1), óxido de fenibutatina (0,4 g i.a. L-1), lufenurom (0,0375 g i.a. L-1), tebufenozide (0,12 g i.a. L-1) e tiaclopride (0,036 g i.a. L-1) para ovos e larvas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). Os inseticidas foram pulverizados, por meio de torre de Potter, garantindo a aplicação de 1,5± 0,5 mg/cm2, nos ovos ou em placas de vidro, sobre as quais foram colocadas larvas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares. Avaliaram-se a viabilidade dos ovos, a sobrevivência de larvas, pupas eadultos e o efeito dos inseticidas na capacidade reprodutiva dos indivíduos oriundos de ovos e de larvas tratadas. A toxicidade dos inseticidas foi calculada em função do seu efeito total (E), conforme metodologia padrão estabelecida pela “IOBC”. Todos os inseticidas foram seletivos para ovos de C. externa. Lufenurom e deltametrina foram altamente nocivos a larvas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares de C. externa (E > 99% de mortalidade). Abamectina, óxido de fenibutatina, tebufenozide e tiaclopride apresentaram toxicidade intermediária à fase larval de C. externa. O primeiro ínstar dessepredador foi o mais susceptível à ação dos produtos avaliados. Recomenda-se avaliar os efeitos dos inseticidas testados para larvas de C. externa em condições de casa de vegetação e campo para confirmação de sua toxicidade e possível utilização em programas de manejo integrado de pragas em citros.

Seletividade de seis inseticidas utilizados em citros a pupas e adultos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) / Selectivity of six insecticides used in citrus crops on pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin, lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, Brazil. The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume ofapplication of 1.5 ± 0.5 mg/cm2. After spraying, the pupae were kept in test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25 ± 2oC, 70 ± 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males or females of C. externa was also evaluated under acompletely randomized design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair. The insecticides were classified following the method established by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E < 30% of mortality). However, thiacloprid and deltamethrin were toxic to the adults (E > 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management programs in citrus crops.

Avaliou-se a seletividade dos inseticidas abamectina, lufenurom, óxido de fenbutatina, tebufenozide, tiaclopride e deltametrina utilizados em citros para pupas e adultos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Entomologia da UFLA, Lavras, MG. As pulverizações foram realizadas por meio de torre de Potter utilizando-se 1,5 ± 0,5 mg/ cm2. Após a pulverização, as pupas foram colocadas em tubos de vidro e mantidas em câmara climática,e os adultos em gaiolas de PVC em sala climatizada (25 ± 2oC, 70 ± 10% UR e fotofase de 12h). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis inseticidas e dez repetições, sendo cada uma formada por três pupas ou um casal de adultos. Também foi avaliado o efeito do lufenurom na capacidade reprodutiva quando pulverizado sobre machos ou fêmeas desse predador. Os produtosforam enquadrados em classes de toxicidade seguindo metodologia estabelecida pela Organização Internacional para Controle Biológico e Integrado de Animais e Plantas Nocivos (IOBC). Todos os produtos foram seletivos para pupas (E < 30% de mortalidade). Tiaclopride e deltametrina foram tóxicos aos adultos (E > 99% de mortalidade), sendo que óxido de fenbutatina e tebufenozide mostraram-seseletivos. Quando pulverizado somente sobre fêmeas de C. externa, lufenurom reduziu significativamente a viabilidade de ovos. Os produtos óxido de fenbutatina e tebufenozide, em função da baixa toxicidade apresentada, podem ser recomendados no manejo integrado de pragas na cultura dos citros emassociação com C. externa.

Medicina - odontología basada en pruebas: guía para comprenderla y practicarla / Evidence - based medicine - dentistry: guide to understand and to practice it

Las ciencias de la salud construyen su conocimiento a través de la investigación básica, clínica y social principalmente. Entre ellas, la investigación clínica ha tenido en las ultimas dos décadas un gran auge y desarrollo con la aparición de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE), con la cual se busca destacar los mejores parámetros del diseño de las investigaciones, con el fin de evaluar y seleccionar la mejor evidencia científica. En este artículo se hace una exposición sobre la MBE y su aplicación en odontología. Se pretende que sirva como herramienta para la enseñanza, aprendizaje y actualización de los profesionales al cuidado de la salud y de la enfermedad, y para la toma de decisiones sobre pacientes individuales.

Nonequilibrium antiferromagnetic mixed-spin Ising model.

We studied an antiferromagnetic mixed-spin Ising model on the square lattice subject to two competing stochastic processes. The model system consists of two interpenetrating sublattices of spins sigma=1/2 and S=1, and we take only nearest neighbor interactions between pairs of spins. The system is in contact with a heat bath at temperature T, and the exchange of energy with the heat bath occurs via one-spin flip (Glauber dynamics). Besides, the system interacts with an external agency of energy, which supplies energy to it whenever two nearest neighboring spins are simultaneously flipped. By employing Monte Carlo simulations and a dynamical pair approximation, we found the phase diagram for the stationary states of the model in the plane temperature T versus the competition parameter between one- and two-spin flips p. We observed the appearance of three distinct phases, that are separated by continuous transition lines. We also determined the static critical exponents along these lines and we showed that this nonequilibrium model belongs to the universality class of the two-dimensional equilibrium Ising model.

Critical behavior of the mixed-spin Ising model with two competing dynamics.

In this work we investigate the stationary states of a nonequilibrium mixed-spin Ising model on a square lattice. The model system consists of two interpenetrating sublattices of spins sigma=1/2 and S=1, and we take only nearest neighbor interactions between pairs of spins. The system is in contact with a heat bath at temperature T and subject to an external flux of energy. The contact with the heat bath is simulated by single spin flips according to the Metropolis rule, while the input of energy is mimicked by the simultaneous flipping of pairs of neighboring spins. We performed Monte Carlo simulations on this model in order to find its phase diagram in the plane of temperature T versus the competition parameter between one- and two-spin flips, p. The phase diagram of the model exhibits two ordered phases with sublattice magnetizations m(1), m(2)>0 and m(1)>0, m(2)<0. These phases are separated from the paramagnetic phase (m(1)=m(2)=0) by continuous transition lines. We found the static critical exponents along these lines and showed that this nonequilibrium model belongs to the universality class of the two-dimensional equilibrium Ising model.

Manejo odontológico de pacientes con radioterapia en carcinoma de cabeza y cuello / Dental management of patients with radiotherapy in head and neck carcinoma

El cáncer se encuentra dentro de las tres enfermedades de mayor prevalencia en el mundo; los carcinomas de cabeza y cuello son uno de los mayor incidencia, y para la mayoría de ellos se ha logrado gran éxito en el tratamiento con quimioterapia, cirugía, radioterapia, es por esto que se debe resaltar la importancia de conocer algunas de las implicaciones bucales que se manifiestan después o durante la radioterapia y como tratarlas. El presente artículo es una revisión de las complicaciones bucales y su manejo odontológico de los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia cuando padecen de carcinomas de cabeza y cuello.