ABSTRACT
Differences and similarities between intrusive thoughts typical of obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and hypochondriasis are relevant for their differential diagnosis, formulation, and psychological treatment. Previous research in non-clinical samples pointed out the relevance of some process variables, such as responsibility, guilt, or neutralization strategies. This research is aimed to investigate the differences and similarities between clinical obsessions, worries, and illness intrusions in some of these process variables. A second aim is to identify models based on these variables that could reliably differentiate between them. Three groups of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 35; 60% women, mean age 38.57), generalized anxiety disorder (n = 36; 61.1% women, mean age 41.50), and hypochondriasis (n = 34; 70.6% women, mean age 31.59) were evaluated using the Cognitive Intrusions Questionnaire-Transdiagnostic Version (Romero-Sanchiz, Nogueira-Arjona, Godoy-Ávila, Gavino-Lázaro, & Freeston, ). The results showed that some appraisals (e.g., responsibility or egodystonicity), emotions (e.g., guilt or insecurity), neutralization strategies, and other variables (e.g., verbal content or trigger from body sensation) are relevant for the discrimination between obsessions, worries, and illness intrusions. The results also showed 3 stable models based on these variables for the discrimination between these thoughts. The implication of these results in the diagnosis, formulation, and psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and hypochondriasis is discussed.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Hypochondriasis/psychology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Spain , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
En este estudio se realiza la adaptación y validación del Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Children Version (OBQ-CV) en una muestra no clínica de niños y adolescentes españoles. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios revelaron que el modelo que mejor se ajusta a los datos es el de tres factores de primer orden (Responsabilidad/Estimación de la amenaza, Perfeccionismo/Incertidumbre, Importancia/Control del pensamiento) que, a su vez, constituyen un factor de segundo orden. Los resultados mostraron que las puntuaciones del OBQ-CV presentan una alta fiabilidad, así como adecuada validez de criterio con medidas de síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos y de creencias obsesivas, y una buena validez discriminante con medidas de depresión y ansiedad (AU)
The aim of this study was the adaptation to Spanish of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Childrens Version (OBQ-CV) in a non-clinical sample. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed the best fit for a model of three factors (Perfectionism/Certainty, Importance/Control of Thoughts, and Responsibility/Threat Estimation) and one higher-order factor. Moreover, results showed that the Spanish OBQ-CV is a reliable measure. This version also showed good criterion validity with obsessive-compulsive symptom measures and with scores of beliefs relevant to obsessive compulsive disorder. Lastly, this version showed good divergent validity with depression and anxiety measures (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Psychometrics/methods , Psychometrics/trends , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Depression/epidemiology , Anxiety/epidemiology , Child Behavior/psychology , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Psychometrics/organization & administration , Psychometrics/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/trends , Cognitive Science/methodsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was the adaptation to Spanish of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Children's Version (OBQ-CV) in a non-clinical sample. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed the best fit for a model of three factors (Perfectionism/Certainty, Importance/Control of Thoughts, and Responsibility/Threat Estimation) and one higher-order factor. Moreover, results showed that the Spanish OBQ-CV is a reliable measure. This version also showed good criterion validity with obsessive-compulsive symptom measures and with scores of beliefs relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lastly, this version showed good divergent validity with depression and anxiety measures.
Subject(s)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Child , Culture , Female , Humans , Male , Obsessive Behavior , Psychometrics , Young AdultABSTRACT
Este estudio valora la precisión que tiene el clínico (Médico Especialista en Endocrinología y Nutrición: MEEN) al realizar el diagnóstico de depresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Participaron 11 MEEN y 153 pacientes con DM1. El diagnóstico de depresión se realizó mediante la entrevista estructurada SCID-1 y la valoración del clínico. De la muestra inicial se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 50 pacientes (imponiendo la condición de que estuviera compuesta por 25 pacientes con depresión y 25 sin depresión). Los resultados muestran que los clínicos realizaron un mayor porcentaje de diagnósticos negativos (paciente sin depresión) que positivos (paciente con depresión). Un porcentaje considerable de pacientes con depresión no fueron diagnosticados (25%). Parece, pues, necesario dotar a los clínicos de protocolos adecuados para evaluar la presencia de este trastorno en DM1, así como continuar la investigación sobre el proceso diagnóstico para la toma de decisiones clínicas (AU)
This study assesses the clinical accuracy of physicians (Specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition: SEN) to make the diagnosis of depression in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). This study involved 11 SEN physicians, and 153 patients with DM1. The diagnosis of depression was performed using the SCID-1 structured interview and clinical assessment. From the initial sample, 50 patients were randomly selected (imposing the condition that it was included 25 patients with depression and 25 without depression). The results show that clinicians performed a higher percentage of negative diagnoses (patients without depression) than positive ones (patients with depression). A significant percentage of patients with depression were not diagnosed (25%). It therefore seems necessary to provide adequate clinical protocols to evaluate the presence of this disorder in DM1, as well as continuing research into the diagnostic process for clinical decision making (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/psychology , Depression/complications , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/psychology , Decision Making/physiology , Decision TheoryABSTRACT
This study assesses the clinical accuracy of physicians (Specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition: SEN) to make the diagnosis of depression in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). This study involved 11 SEN physicians, and 153 patients with DM1. The diagnosis of depression was performed using the SCID-1 structured interview and clinical assessment. From the initial sample, 50 patients were randomly selected (imposing the condition that it was included 25 patients with depression and 25 without depression). The results show that clinicians performed a higher percentage of negative diagnoses (patients without depression) than positive ones (patients with depression). A significant percentage of patients with depression were not diagnosed (25%). It therefore seems necessary to provide adequate clinical protocols to evaluate the presence of this disorder in DM1, as well as continuing research into the diagnostic process for clinical decision making.
Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Depression/etiology , Diabetes Complications/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Adult , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva utilizando la visualización de fotografías afectivas y construidas de acuerdo con el modelo dimensional de las emociones de Peter Lang. Se estudiaron 370 estudiantes de Psicología de la Universidad de Málaga y se seleccionaron los que obtuvieron puntuaciones altas y bajas en sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva. Todos los participantes evaluaron un conjunto de fotografías de contenido obsesivo-compulsivo mediante las escalas gráficas del Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) en sus tres dimensiones de valencia afectiva, activación y control/dominancia. Los resultados muestran que las personas altas en sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva evalúan las imágenes emocionales como elicitadoras de emociones menos controlables. También perciben las imágenes neutras y las de contenido obsesivo-compulsivo como más desagradables (AU)
The present study was aimed at assessing obsessive-compulsive symptomatology based on visualization of affective pictures, elaborated following Peter Langs dimensional model of emotion. Participants were 370 psychology students at Malaga University, selecting those with high and low scores in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. All participants assessed a set of pictures containing obsessive-compulsive cues using the three scales of the Self-Assessment Manikin: affective valence, arousal, and control/dominance. The results show that participants with high scores in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology experience reduced control over the affective pictures and rate as more unpleasant the neutral and obsessivecompulsive pictures (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Health Occupations/psychology , Expressed Emotion/classification , Expressed Emotion/physiology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Compulsive Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Compulsive Personality Disorder/psychology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/physiopathology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Photograph/methods , Self-Assessment , Students/psychology , Data Analysis/methods , Psychometrics/methods , Psychometrics/trends , Reproducibility of Results/methods , Reproducibility of Results/trendsABSTRACT
The present study was aimed at assessing obsessive-compulsive symptomatology based on visualization of affective pictures, elaborated following Peter Lang's dimensional model of emotion. Participants were 370 psychology students at Malaga University, selecting those with high and low scores in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. All participants assessed a set of pictures containing obsessive-compulsive cues using the three scales of the Self-Assessment Manikin: affective valence, arousal, and control/dominance. The results show that participants with high scores in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology experience reduced control over the affective pictures and rate as more unpleasant the neutral and obsessive-compulsive pictures.
Subject(s)
Compulsive Personality Disorder/psychology , Emotions , Adult , Cues , Female , Humans , Male , Manikins , Photic Stimulation , Psychological Tests , Reproducibility of Results , Young AdultABSTRACT
In this study, the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) were examined in two non-clinical Spanish samples. An exploratory factor analysis replicated the original six-factor structure. Moreover, results showed that the Spanish VOCI is a reliable measure. Also, this version had good convergent validity with other obsessive-compulsive symptom measures and with an instrument that assess beliefs that are relevant to the obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lastly, this version showed good divergent validity with measures of depression, anxiety and worries.
Subject(s)
Compulsive Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Personality Inventory , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety/diagnosis , Compulsive Personality Disorder/psychology , Depression/diagnosis , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Psychology/education , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Self-Help Groups , Spain , Students/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
En este estudio se han examinado las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) en dos muestras españolas de población no clínica. El análisis factorial exploratorio replicó la estructura de seis factores del cuestionario original. Los resultados también mostraron que se trata de una medida fiable. Por otra parte, este instrumento mostró una adecuada validez convergente con otra medida de síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos y con un instrumento que evalúa creencias relevantes en el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) y una buena validez discriminante con medidas de depresión, ansiedad y preocupaciones (AU)
In this study, the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) were examined in two non-clinical Spanish samples. An exploratory factor analysis replicated the original six-factor structure. Moreover, results showed that the Spanish VOCI is a reliable measure. Also, this version had good convergent validity with other obsessive-compulsive symptom measures and with an instrument that assess beliefs that are relevant to the obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lastly, this version showed good divergent validity with measures of depression, anxiety and worries (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Psychometrics/methods , Psychometrics/trends , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Psychometrics/organization & administration , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Anxiety/epidemiology , Anxiety/psychologyABSTRACT
This research examines whether Psychology students, when they test clinical hypotheses, follow either confirmatory or disconfirmatory reasoning strategies. Two hundred and six psychology students, divided in four groups, participated. One group received information about the probability that the hypothesis was correct by means of verbal labels, and another group, by means of numerical expressions. An additional group received the information that getting a precise diagnosis was clinically important. In a last group, diagnostic tests allowed them to increase certainty about the hypothesis. Results show a partial use of confirmatory strategies because, although participants did not seek confirming information, they indeed avoided collecting disconfirming information. When the information increased certainty about the hypothesis, confirmatory strategies became more likely. Neither the increase in the task importance nor the numerical expression of the likelihood that the hypothesis was correct seemed to affect the testing strategy used.
Subject(s)
Decision Making , Psychological Tests , Psychological Theory , Adult , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Esta investigación pretende comprobar si los estudiantes de Psicología, cuando comprueban hipótesis clínicas, siguen estrategias de razonamiento confirmatorias o refutadoras. Participaron 206 estudiantes de Psicología divididos en cuatro grupos. Un grupo recibió la información sobre la probabilidad de que la hipótesis fuera correcta expresada mediante etiquetas verbales, y otro mediante expresiones numéricas. Un grupo adicional recibió información de que afinar en el diagnóstico era clínicamente importante. En un último grupo las pruebas diagnósticas permitían aumentar la seguridad en la hipótesis. Los resultados han mostrado una utilización parcial de estrategias confirmatorias, ya que no se recogió información confirmatoria pero sí se evitó recoger información refutadora. Cuando la información aumenta la seguridad en la hipótesis, es más probable que se utilicen estrategias confirmatorias. Ni el aumento de la importancia de la tarea ni la expresión numérica de la probabilidad de que la hipótesis sea correcta parecen afectar la estrategia seguida (AU)
This research examines whether Psychology students, when they test clinical hypotheses, follow either confirmatory or disconfirmatory reasoning strategies. Two hundred and six psychology students, divided in four groups, participated. One group received information about the probability that the hypothesis was correct by means of verbal labels, and another group, by means of numerical expressions. An additional group received the information that getting a precise diagnosis was clinically important. In a last group, diagnostic tests allowed them to increase certainty about the hypothesis. Results show a partial use of confirmatory strategies because, although participants did not seek confirming information, they indeed avoided collecting disconfirming information. When the information increased certainty about the hypothesis, confirmatory strategies became more likely. Neither the increase in the task importance nor the numerical expression of the likelihood that the hypothesis was correct seemed to affect the testing strategy used (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hypothesis-Testing , Research/methods , Psychology, Clinical/statistics & numerical data , Health Strategies , Data Collection/methods , Students/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
El presente estudio se encuadra dentro del contexto de la teoría de Weiner sobre la motivación y la emoción. El objetivo propuesto ha sido analizar en el medio natural las repercusiones que una modificación de las atribuciones causales de los profesores puede tener sobre éstos y sus alumnos. La muestra ha estado integrada por 200 sujetos de ambos sexos, 50 profesores y 150 alumnos. El nivel educativo al que pertenecían era 4°, 5° y 6° curso de Educación Primaria, así como 1° y 2° curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Los resultados muestran que, tras la intervención, las atribuciones de los docentes experimentaron un cambio hacia un estilo atribucional más adaptativo, influyendo asimismo en una reducción de los niveles de estrés laboral. Igualmente, el cambio atribucional del docente influyó en la mejora del sistema atribucional de los alumnos, lo que a su vez, contribuyó a un incremento de sus calificaciones escolares (AU)
This study is framed in the context of Weiners attributional theory about motivation and emotion. The aim has been to analyze in a natural context the repercussions that adaptive modification of the attributional style of teachers could have on teachers themselves and on their pupils. The sample has been of 200 subjects, 50 teachers and 150 students. The educational level of students ranged from 4th grade of Primary Education to 2nd grade of Secondary Education. The results show that, after the intervention, teachers attributions changed toward a more adaptive attributional style. This change in the teachers attributional style contributed to a reduction in the levels of teachers burnout, to an improvement of pupils attributional system, and to an increase in the students school marks (AU)
