ABSTRACT
In order to assess the applicability of bovine microsatellite markers for population genetic studies in Swiss yak, 131 bovine microsatellite markers were tested on a panel of 10 animals. Efficient amplification was observed for 124 markers (94.6%) with a total of 476 alleles, of which 117 markers (94.3%) were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus among the polymorphic markers ranged from two to nine. Seven loci (ILSTS005, BMS424B, BMS1825, BMS672, BM1314, ETH123 and BM6017) failed to amplify yak genomic DNA. Two cattle Y-chromosome specific microsatellite markers (INRA126 and BM861) amplified genomic DNA from both male and female yaks. However, two additional markers on cattle Y-chromosome (INRA124 and INRA189) amplified DNA from only males. Of the polymorphic markers, 24 microsatellites proposed by CaDBase for within- and cross-species comparisons and two additional highly polymorphic markers (MHCII and TGLA73) were used to investigate the genetic variability and the population structure of a Swiss yak herd that included 51 additional animals. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.355 to 0.752, while observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.348 to 0.823. Furthermore, a set of 13 markers, organized into three multiplex polymerase chain reactions, was evaluated for routine parentage testing. This set provided an exclusion probability in a family of four yaks (both parents and two offspring) of 0.995. These microsatellites serve as useful tools for genetic characterization of the yak, which continues to be an important domestic livestock species.
Subject(s)
Cattle/genetics , Genetic Variation , Genetics, Population , Animals , Female , Gene Frequency , Male , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Species Specificity , SwitzerlandSubject(s)
Agriculture/history , Horses , Animals , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , North AmericaABSTRACT
The assay of cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase-BB (CK-BB) after cardiac arrest has demonstrated a relationship between CK-BB activity and neurologic recovery; a high concentration of cerebrospinal fluid CK-BB can be associated with lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores, intracranial pressure plateau waves, and histologic brain damage on death. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid CK-BB is most reliable when it is done within 48 to 72 hours of the arrest. The appearance of serum CK-BB after a cardiac arrest indicates global ischemia, but has not been shown to be a reliable indicator for outcome, because of its rapid inactivation in the body. However, investigations into methods of reactivation of CK-BB show promise in terms of future use of this assay technique.
Subject(s)
Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis , Creatine Kinase/metabolism , Heart Arrest/complications , Brain Damage, Chronic/etiology , Coma/diagnosis , Humans , Intracranial Pressure , Isoenzymes , Prognosis , ResuscitationABSTRACT
We studied the transient appearance of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme BB, as measured by electrophoresis, in serum or plasma from 19 patients who had just experienced cardiac or respiratory arrest. Creatine kinase BB activity was greatest 0.5 to 3 h after the arrest, with values (measured at 30 degrees C) ranging from 3 to 27 U/L (mean, 7.8 U/L) in 18 patients who were successfully resuscitated. Elimination time for the isoenzyme ranged from 8 to 48 h (mean, 20 h). Elimination t1/2 varied from 4.6 to 16 h for 13 patients from whom adequate serial blood specimens were obtained. We could find no correlation between peak BB activity and eventual case outcome. We attribute this to the near impossibility of drawing a blood specimen exactly when the isoenzyme activity peaks, the instability of creatine kinase BB activity at 37 degrees C, and the fact that nine of these patients died after second or multiple arrests.
