ABSTRACT
To replicate a reported association between migraine with aura (MA) and a promoter polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), we performed a case-control study in a large German sample comprising 472 patients with MA and 506 controls. Neither this polymorphism nor a systematic analysis with single nucleotide polymorphisms capturing the main haplotype diversity of the SLC6A4 locus provided evidence for a contribution of SLC6A4 to the predisposition of complex inherited MA.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Migraine with Aura/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Serotonin/metabolism , Adult , Brain/metabolism , Brain/physiopathology , Brain Chemistry/genetics , Case-Control Studies , DNA Mutational Analysis , Female , Gene Frequency/genetics , Genetic Testing , Genetic Variation/genetics , Germany/epidemiology , Haplotypes , Humans , Male , Migraine with Aura/epidemiology , Migraine with Aura/physiopathology , Mutation/genetics , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
An n-alkane-assimilating strain of Candida tropicalis was selected in sandy soil inoculated with microorganisms from contaminated sites. Competition experiments with n-alkane utilizers from different strain collections confirmed that yeasts overgrow bacteria in sandy soil. Acidification of the soil is one of the colonization factors useful for the yeasts. It can be counteracted by addition of bentonite, a clay mineral with high ion exchange capacity, but not, however, by kaolin. Strains of different yeast species showed different levels of competitiveness. Strains of Arxula adeninivorans, Candida maltosa, and Yarrowia lipolytica overgrew strains of C. tropicalis, C. shehatae or Pichia stipitis. Two strains of C. maltosa and Y. lipolytica coexisted during several serial transfers under microcosm conditions.
