Natural sources of melanogenic inhibitors: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Melanin gives some natural protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation; however, excessive production of melanin causes skin hyperpigmentation. Depigmenting cosmetics can be used to control this process; however, depigmenting agents commonly used have some disadvantages, such as low bioavailability, photosensitization, cellular toxicity, and insolubility. Natural sources of melanogenic inhibitors have become important alternatives to synthetic ones. The objective of this review was to summarize the results of studies on natural extracts that have been reported in the literature to inhibit the process of melanogenesis, giving a view on their suitability for potential use in new cosmetic formulations for skin-lightening. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was carried out using the descriptors: "melanogenesis", "tyrosinase", "tyrosinase inhibition", and "natural agents". STUDY SELECTION: Publications were selected based on our designated inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of 15 studies met these criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: The following were used in the review of each paper which met the criteria: the name of the plant (all of the natural extracts turned out to be from plants), the method used to obtain the plant extract, the method for evaluating anti-tyrosinase activity, the main results, and the conclusions. DATA SYNTHESIS: All evaluated natural agents demonstrated anti-tyrosinase effect. The species Leathesia difformis, Morus alba, Orostachys japonicus, Heracleum moellendorffii, Coix lacryma-jobi (adlay), Inula brittanica, and Gailardia aristata stood out from the others due to their application as potential inhibitors of more than three proteins related to melanogenesis, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and dopachrome tautomerase. CONCLUSION: The plants present an anti-tyrosinase effect that must be better explored in the new cosmetic formulations. The anti-melanogenic effects of the plant are mainly related to the presence of phenolic and antioxidant compounds.

OBJECTIF: La mélanine offre une certaine protection naturelle contre les effets nocifs des rayons ultraviolets ; cependant, une production excessive de mélanine provoque une hyperpigmentation cutanée. Les cosmétiques dépigmentants peuvent servir à contrôler ce processus ; cependant, les agents dépigmentants couramment utilisés présentent certains inconvénients, comme une biodisponibilité faible, une photosensibilité, une toxicité cellulaire et une insolubilité. Les sources naturelles d'inhibiteurs de la mélanogénèse sont devenues des alternatives importantes aux inhibiteurs synthétiques. L'objectif de cette revue était de résumer les résultats des études sur les extraits naturels signalés dans la littérature comme inhibant le processus de mélanogenèse, en donnant un aperçu de leur adéquation à une utilisation potentielle dans de nouvelles formulations cosmétiques pour l'éclaircissement de la peau. SOURCES DES DONNÉES: Une recherche systématique dans la littérature a été réalisée à l'aide des descripteurs : « mélanogenèse ¼, « tyrosinase ¼, 'inhibition de la tyrosinase ¼ et « agents naturels ¼. Sélection des études : Les publications ont été sélectionnées d'après nos critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion désignés et un total de 15 études remplissaient ces critères. EXTRACTION DES DONNÉES: Les éléments suivant ont été utilisés dans l'examen de chaque article répondant aux critères : le nom de la plante (tous les extraits naturels se sont avérés provenir des plantes), la méthode utilisée pour obtenir l'extrait végétal, la méthode d'évaluation de l'activité anti-tyrosinase, les principaux résultats et les conclusions. SYNTHÈSE DES DONNÉES: Tous les agents naturels évalués ont démontré un effet anti-tyrosinase. Les espèces Leathesia difformis, Morus alba, Orostachys japonicus, ,Heracleum moellendorffii, Coix lacryma-jobi (adlay), Inula brittanica, et Gailardia aristata se sont distinguées des autres en raison de leur application comme inhibiteurs potentiels de plus de trois protéines liées à la mélanogenèse, dont la protéine de liaison d'élément de réponse d'adénosine monophosphate cyclique, du facteur de transcription associé à la microphtalmie, la tyrosinase, la protéine liée à la tyrosinase-1, la protéine liée à la tyrosinase-2 et la dopachrome tautomérase. CONCLUSION: Les plantes présentent un effet anti-tyrosinase qui doit être exploré plus en profondeur dans les nouvelles formulations cosmétiques. Les effets inhibiteurs de la mélanogénèse des plantes sont principalement dus à la présence de composés phénoliques et antioxydants.

Metabolic syndrome resolution by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a real world: a case control study.

OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), compared with nonsurgical treatment (NS group), as an instrument for inducing remission of co-morbidities related to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in patients with Obesity, grades 2 and 3 (Ob2,3). METHODS: two hundred and fifty eight Ob2,3 patients were selected in a retrospective analysis and included in a case control study. MetS was defined as described by the International Diabetes Federation. One hundred and twenty-nine of these patients underwent RYGB (S group), and 129 were assessed as an NS group. RESULTS: at baseline, S and NS groups did not differ in BMI, age, female sex and prevalence of MetS (p>0.05). For the S group the outcomes were a reduction in BMI of 38.1% (p<0.001), waist circumference of 28.6% (p<0.001), fasting plasma glucose of 10.5% (p<0.001), serum LDL-cholesterol of 21.9% (p<0.001) and of 85% in the number of patients with MetS (p<0.001). For the NS group, only a decrease of 4.12%(p=0.047) in triglyceride levels and of 5.9%(p=0.031) in Diastolic Blood Pressure was observed. In the NS group, 98.6% of the patients continued to have MetS. The number needed to treat (NNT) with surgery to resolve one case of MetS was 1.2 (CI 95%: 1.1 - 1.4). CONCLUSION: in the real world, in the South of Brazil, compared with NS treatment and after 1 year of observation, RYGB is highly effective for decreasing the prevalence of MetS.

Metabolic syndrome resolution by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a real world: a case control study / Resolução da síndrome metabólica pela gastroplastia Roux-em-Y em um mundo real: estudo caso-controle

Summary Objectives: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), compared with nonsurgical treatment (NS group), as an instrument for inducing remission of co-morbidities related to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in patients with Obesity, grades 2 and 3 (Ob2,3). Methods: two hundred and fifty eight Ob2,3 patients were selected in a retrospective analysis and included in a case control study. MetS was defined as described by the International Diabetes Federation. One hundred and twenty-nine of these patients underwent RYGB (S group), and 129 were assessed as an NS group. Results: at baseline, S and NS groups did not differ in BMI, age, female sex and prevalence of MetS (p>0.05). For the S group the outcomes were a reduction in BMI of 38.1% (p<0.001), waist circumference of 28.6% (p<0.001), fasting plasma glucose of 10.5% (p<0.001), serum LDL-cholesterol of 21.9% (p<0.001) and of 85% in the number of patients with MetS (p<0.001). For the NS group, only a decrease of 4.12%(p=0.047) in triglyceride levels and of 5.9%(p=0.031) in Diastolic Blood Pressure was observed. In the NS group, 98.6% of the patients continued to have MetS. The number needed to treat (NNT) with surgery to resolve one case of MetS was 1.2 (CI 95%: 1.1 - 1.4). Conclusion: in the real world, in the South of Brazil, compared with NS treatment and after 1 year of observation, RYGB is highly effective for decreasing the prevalence of MetS. .

Resumo Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR), em comparação a um tratamento não cirúrgico (grupo NC), como instrumento para induzir remissão da síndrome metabólica (SMet) em pacientes com obesidade graus 2 e 3 (Ob2, 3). Métodos: duzentos e cinquenta e oito pacientes com Ob2,3 foram selecionados para análise retrospectiva em estudos de caso e controle. SMet foi definida como descrita pela Federação Internacional de Diabetes. Dos pacientes, 129 foram submetidos ao BGYR (grupo C), e 129 formaram o grupo NC. Resultados: antes dos tratamentos, os grupos C e NC não diferiram em IMC, idade, sexo feminino e prevalência de SMet (p>0,05). No grupo C, houve uma redução no IMC de 38,1% (p<0,001), circunferência da cintura de 28,6% (p<0,001), glicemia de jejum de 10,5% (p<0,001), LDL colesterol sérico de 21,9% (p<0,001) e em 85% dos casos de SMet (p<0,001). As diferenças observadas no grupo NC foram uma diminuição nos níveis de triglicérides, de 4,12% (p=0,047), e na pressão arterial diastólica, de 5,9% (p=0,031). No grupo NC, 98,6% dos pacientes persistiram com SMet. O número necessário para tratar (NNT) com a cirurgia, para resolver um caso de SMet, foi de 1,2 (IC 95%: 1,1 - 1,4). Conclusão: em um mundo real, no Sul do Brasil, em comparação ao tratamento NS e após 1 ano de observação, BGYR foi altamente eficaz para diminuir a prevalência de SMet. .