[Alcohol and work. Consensus Document of the La.R.A. (Workers representing a risk for others) group]. / Alcol e Lavoro. Documento di consenso del gruppo La.R.A.

AIM: Current Italian legislation obliges employers to prevent workers who are occupationally at risk or who perform jobs that may be hazardous for the safety or health of third parties from consuming alcohol. The LaRA Group undertook to assess whether the law fully safeguards the health and safety of both workers and third parties, without impinging upon the civil rights of workers. METHOD: A written document expressing agreement was produced following discussions between doctors, lawyers, bioethicists and social partners. RESULTS: There are gaps and inconsistencies in current laws; the differences in local and regional provisions prevent authorities from applying a single strategy at national level. There should be a change in existing rules under which the employer's obligation to enforce the ban on consumption alcohol in the workplace is enacted solely by the "competent" physician whose institutional role is to safeguard and promote health. Some occupational categories that are subject to a ban on alcohol consumption do not currently under-go health surveillance. For example, if road transport drivers are not exposed to a specific occupational risk foreseen under another law, they can be placed under health surveillance only in those regions where the local laws contemplate this type of control. In other cases, the practice of assessing the risk to third parties and providing for compulsory health surveillance in the Risk Assessment Document, is considered by some jurists to be a "consuetudo praeter legem" and therefore acceptable in a field not yet covered by a specific law, but to be "contra legem" or unlawful by other jurists. Moreover, the competent physician who uses a breathanalyser or tests for alcohol addiction faces an ethical dilemma, since by communicating the results to an employer or authorities responsible for the issuing of licenses, he may be violating his professional oath of secrecy. Furthermore, the emphasis placed on testing has induced companies and inspectors to overlook educational and rehabilitation aspects. It is essential to involve general practitioners, educators and specialist services in addressing the problems of alcohol abuse so as to inform/train, recover and rehabilitate. The few studies available indicate that the rules are poorly enforced and that non-compliance may go unobserved. CONCLUSIONS: The Group urges all employers to assess the risk for third parties caused by alcohol abuse and to devise a policy on alcohol. Controlling alcohol-related risks in the workplace calls for a better definition of the roles of Vigilance Bod-ies and Company Physicians together with a shift from a reactive to a proactive attitude of all the parties involved.

[The accident at work and the occupational diseases in the construction industry: the experience of Inail]. / II fenomeno infortunistico e tecnopatico nel settore dell'edilizia: l'esperienza dell'Inail.

The authors analyze the budget accident at work and occupational diseases in the construction industry through the data banks Inail. This analysis is carried out by comparing the data for this sector of economic activity (classification of economic activities ATECO 2002) with those general with particular attention to how an event, occurrence, mortality, by plotting the trends of this phenomenon than in previous years. It also analyzes the phenomenon of the complaints of occupational diseases with the comparison with the general data as well as with the analysis of the most frequent types of occupational diseases in this sector in the last two years.

[The accidents trend in the third millennium]. / Gli infortuni sul lavoro nel terzo millennio.

The Authors assess data and tables of accidents at work in the last Annual Report 2010 and in the Report of the last ten years. The data confirm the decrease of the total number of accidents, reflecting also the forced attention of subjects involved in prevention thanks laws (i.e. D.Lgs 626/94 and D.Lgs 81/08). Considering the high number of accidents and the actual number of three deaths per day in the workplace, the Authors appreciate the results in the injuries prevention, considering them not enough.

[Professional diseases in the handicraft's workers 2002-2000]. / Malattie professionali nell'artigianato 2002-2006.

The authors have examined the data supplied from the Actuarial Advising Statistics of the INAIL about occupational diseases in the handicraft's workers denounced and recognized in the period 2002 -2006. The data have been analysed by sex, age, nature and site of lesion.

[Accidents at work in agriculture workers in the period 2002-2006]. / Infortuni in agricoltura nel quinquennio 2002-2006.

The authors consider the accidents happened in agricultural environment in the period from 2002 to 2006. The data of the Inail evidence a decrease of the denounced events, but with a reduction of the occupied workers. Such data make demonstrate that not it there has not been an improvement. For this reason it's necessary put in action informative and formative campaigns about the culture of the prevention of agricultural accidents.

[Accidents at work in handicraft workers in the period 2002-2006]. / Infortuni in artigianato nel quinquennio 2002-2006.

The authors consider the phenomenon of the accidents at work in the handicraft workers in the last period; the data examined demonstrate that in this work environment there has not been an evident decrement of the cases in comparison to the past. It's however always necessary to promote and improve the preventional measures in these particular job places.

[Accidents at "work in extracomunitarian workers" 2002-2006]. / Infortuni "lavoratori extracomunitari" 2002-2006.

The authors illustrate the phenomenon of accidents at work of extracommunitarian workers who work in our country. The aim is to activate competent to institution and demonstrate the so-called "black job" and to establish adequate measures apt to prevent the accidents at work for these workers.

3-Aryl-2-oxazolidinones through the palladium-catalyzed N-arylation of 2-oxazolidinones.

[reaction: see text] 3-Aryl-2-oxazolidinones are obtained in good yields through the palladium-catalyzed N-arylation of 2-oxazolidinones with aryl bromides. The nature of aryl bromides, phosphine ligands, bases, and solvents strongly affects the reaction outcome.