Dilemmas in Anesthetic Management of a Patient with History of Anaphylaxis to Vecuronium.

Anaphylaxis during anesthesia is a life-threatening situation that occurs uncommonly. A 60-year-old woman with a history of anaphylaxis during previous anesthesia is scheduled to undergo elective open cholecystectomy. Her skin tests revealed sensitivity to vecuronium and nonsensitivity to injections of midazolam, fentanyl, and propofol. Due to high incidence of cross sensitivity among neuromuscular drugs, it was thought best to avoid general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was planned for the patient. The patient refused to give consent for spinal anesthesia, and she had to be taken up for surgery under general anesthesia. The only alternate neuromuscular blocking drug available to us was atracurium, which was tested for sensitivity by intradermal test. Atracurium was found to be not sensitive on intradermal test. We report here the dilemma and the challenges faced during management of general anesthesia in a patient with history of anaphylaxis to vecuronium.

A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the left lateral, modified lateral and sitting positions for spinal block characteristics for Cesarean delivery.

BACKGROUND: Maternal position affects spinal block characteristics. We investigated the effect of lateral, modified lateral and sitting position for spinal anesthesia with 2 mL hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% on spinal block characteristics in this prospective, randomized study. METHODS: Seventy-five ASA physical status I parturients were randomly allocated to the left lateral to supine-wedged, modified lateral to supine-wedged with a10°head-up tilt or the sitting to supine-wedged position for induction of spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery. Neural block was assessed by pin prick and modified Bromage scale. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, where appropriate. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Onset time (mean ± SD) for sensory block to T5 dermatome for the lateral, modified lateral and sitting groups was 6.8 ± 2.7, 13.6 ± 6.2 and 9.7 ± 5.5 min, respectively; P<0.001. The median (interquartile range) maximum dermatomal level was significantly lower in the modified lateral group (T5[T3-T5]) compared with the lateral (T3[T2-T4]) and sitting (T3[T3-T4]) groups, respectively; P=0.022 and P=0.030, respectively. Three women in the modified lateral group required general anesthesia compared with none in the other groups; P= 0.044. Apgar scores and cord blood pH, PO2 and PCO2 were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: The modified lateral position with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine was associated with a slower onset and a lower maximum sensory block necessitating higher requirement for conversion to general anesthesia. It did not offer any advantage over lateral and sitting positions for induction of spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery and cannot be recommended.

An experience with 156 patients attending a newly organized pain and palliative care clinic in a tertiary hospital.

CONTEXT: Pain and palliative care clinic (PCC). AIMS: The primary object of this study was to enumerate the demographic characteristics of patients attending a newly organized PCC. The secondary purpose was to detect symptom prevalence and frequency of different cancers in these patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional descriptive study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was done on patients referred to the PCC of a tertiary hospital in North India. Comprehensive details of all patients were recorded systematically on the first visit on a proforma specially prepared for the newly established palliative care clinic. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The descriptive statistics of palliative care data was presented in terms of frequencies and percentages (%) for categorical variables. RESULTS: The data collected at our PCC showed that out of 156 patients, 87 were males and 69 were females. Patients of all ages varying from 6 to 85 years were seen. Most patients (82.1%) lived with their families, and 28 (17.1%) patients lived alone and had no financial support. The most common primary diagnoses were head and neck cancers (38.5%), carcinoma cervix (15.4%), breast cancer (10.3%), colorectal cancer (6.4%), and lung cancer (4.5%). Frequency of seven most common symptoms was pain (100%), insomnia (64.1%), loss of appetite (34.6%), nausea (32.7%), vomiting (32.1%), constipation (31.4%) and sore mouth (28.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Population-based studies determine the actual magnitude of sufferers and suffering and show that palliative care services should be included as an essential component in a tertiary care hospital. The objective should be to reach out to the patient and help in improving the patent's quality of life in every way possible.

Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal haemodynamic changes and neonatal well-being following bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine were compared in 60 term parturients undergoing elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: In a randomised double-blind study, women received boluses of either ephedrine 6 mg (group E; n=30) or phenylephrine 100 microg (group P; n=30) whenever maternal systolic pressure was 80% of baseline. RESULTS: Changes in systolic pressure were comparable in the two groups. There were no differences in the incidence of bradycardia (group E: 0% vs. group P: 16.7%; P>0.05), nausea (group E: 13% vs. group: P 0; P>0.05) and vomiting (group E: 3.3% vs. group P: 0; P>0.05). Umbilical artery (UA) pH (group E: 7.29 +/- 0.04 vs. group P: 7.32 +/- 0.04; P=0.01) and venous pH (group E: 7.34 +/- 0.04 vs. group P: 7.38 +/- 0.05; P=0.002) were significantly greater in group P than in group E. UA base excess was significantly less in group E (-2.83 +/- 0.94 mEq/L) than in group P (-1.61 +/- 1.04 mEq/L; P<0.001). Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10min and neurobehavioural scores at 2-4 h, 24 h and 48 h were similar in the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Phenylephrine 100 mug and ephedrine 6 mg had similar efficacy in the treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery. Neonates in group P had significantly higher umbilical arterial pH and base excess values than those in group E, which is consistent with other studies.

Efficacy of three doses of tramadol with bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in paediatric inguinal herniotomy.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of three doses of tramadol, administered caudally with bupivacaine, in providing postoperative pain relief in children. METHODS: Eighty children, aged between 2 and 8 yr, undergoing inguinal herniotomy were randomly allocated to receive bupivacaine 0.25% 0.75 ml kg(-1) (Group B; n=20), bupivacaine 0.25% 0.75 ml kg(-1) with tramadol 1 mg kg(-1) (Group BT1; n=20), bupivacaine 0.25% 0.75 ml kg(-1) with tramadol 1.5 mg kg(-1) (Group BT1.5; n=20), or bupivacaine 0.25% 0.75 ml kg(-1) with tramadol 2 mg kg(-1) (Group BT2; n=20) by the caudal route immediately after induction of general anaesthesia. Heart rate, arterial pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored. Postoperative pain was assessed at regular intervals for 24 h using All India Institute of Medical Sciences pain score. Analgesia was supplemented whenever pain score was >or=4. Duration of analgesia and requirement for additional analgesics was noted. RESULTS: Duration of analgesia was longer in Group BT2 [(mean (SD) 12 (0.9) h] compared with Group B [4 (1) h], Group BT1 [8 (0.9) h], or Group BT1.5 [11 (1) h]; all P<0.001. Total consumption of rescue analgesic was significantly lower in group BT2 compared with other groups (P<0.001). There were no significant changes in heart rate, arterial pressure and oxygen saturation between groups. Adverse effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Caudal tramadol 2 mg kg(-1), combined with bupivacaine 0.25% 0.75 ml kg(-1), provided longer duration of postoperative analgesia and reduced requirement for rescue analgesic compared with tramadol 1 mg kg(-1) or 1.5 mg kg(-1) in children undergoing inguinal herniotomy.

Bilateral adductor vocal cord paresis following endotracheal intubation for general anaesthesia.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is a rare complication of endotracheal intubation. We report a case of bilateral vocal cord palsy following endotracheal intubation for general anaesthesia. The clinical picture was of hoarseness and aspiration suggestingpartialparesis, as complete bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy usually causes acute airway obstruction due to unopposed vocal cord adduction. Compression of the anterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve between the cuff of the endotracheal tube and the posterior part of the thyroid cartilage was the likely mechanism. Ensuring that the cuff of the endotracheal tube is distal to the cricoid cartilage and that the pressure in the cuff is kept to the minimum required to prevent a gas leak should prevent this complication.