Water-Based Exercises on Peak Oxygen Consumption, Exercise Time, and Muscle Strength in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Background: There is a growing use of water-based exercises in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, there is little data concerning the effects of water-based exercise on the exercise capacity of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Objective: To perform a systematic review to investigate the effects of water-based exercise on peak oxygen consumption, exercise time, and muscle strength in patients with CAD. Methods: Five databases were searched to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of water-based exercise for coronary artery disease patients. Mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Results: Eight studies were included. Water-based exercise resulted in an improvement in peak VO2 of 3.4 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 2.3 to 4.5; I2 = 0%; 5 studies, N = 167), exercise time of 0.6 (95% CI, 0.1 to 1.1; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, N = 69), and total body strength of 32.2 kg (95% CI, 23.9 to 40.7; I2 = 3%; 3 studies, N = 69) when compared to no exercising controls. Water-based exercise resulted in an improvement in peak VO2 of 3.1 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.7; I2 = 13%; 2 studies, N = 74), when compared to the plus land exercise group. No significant difference in peak VO2 was found for participants in the water-based exercise plus land exercise group compared with the land exercise group. Conclusions: Water-based exercise may improve exercise capacity and should be considered as an alternative method in the rehabilitation of patients with CAD.

Intervenção educativa multiprofissional para conservação de energia em paciente idosa com insuficiência cardíaca: relato de experência / Multidisciplinary educational intervention for energy conservation in elderly patients with heart failure: experience report

INTRODUÇÃO: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é a via final das cardiopatias, causando nos acometidos congestão pulmonar, dispneia, ortopneia, fadiga e edema, comprometendo a qualidade de vida dos portadores de IC. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência de desenvolvimento e implementação de um plano terapêutico individualizado destinado à atenção a paciente com IC hospitalizada. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um relato de caso que traz menção à intervenção educativa realizada durante um cenário de atuação Multiprofissional do Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde Cardiovascular em instituição pública da cidade de São Paulo especializada em cardiologia. O grupo realizou a coleta de dados e reunião com familiares e pessoas de referência envolvidas no cuidado de uma paciente com IC internada em uma enfermaria, afim de esclarecimento de dados que direcionassem a conduta profissional. Foram estabelecidas as necessidades por meio de uma coleta de dados com uso de escalas e questionários validados e foi estabelecido como diagnóstico de enfermagem prioritário tolerância à atividade diminuída, de acordo com a Taxonomia NANDA-I. Todo o processo foi pautado na Teoria Holística de Myra Levine para compreender e embasar os processos adaptativos incluídos no processo saúde-doença, além de planejar os cuidados transicionais. RESULTADOS: Paciente idosa, portadora de IC de etiologia valvar, Classe Funcional NYHA III e verbalizava sua insatisfação com a sua situação clínica. A partir das necessidades levantadas, traçou-se uma intervenção educativa com o objetivo de favorecer o autocuidado frente às novas situações vivenciadas a partir do adoecimento, respeitando os desejos e o sentido atribuído à vida da paciente e de auxiliá-la com orientações baseadas em evidências científicas sobre métodos para conservação de energia, a fim de melhorar os sintomas apresentados. Sendo assim, optou-se pela construção de um livro contendo um breve resumo da história do sujeito, orientações sobre os cuidados necessários, sobretudo sobre medidas de conservação de energia, e um espaço para que este possa se expressar. Com isso, o vínculo entre paciente- -profissional foi aprimorado e, ainda na internação, apresentou melhora importante dos sintomas, evoluindo para Classe Funcional NYHA II. CONCLUSÃO: Durante a intervenção da equipe multiprofissional pautada em modelos teóricos, foi possível o estabelecimento de vínculo entre paciente, rede de apoio e equipe. Ademais, houve melhora dos sintomas apresentados, caracterizando um avanço no processo de adaptação da paciente frente à sua nova realidade.

Comment on: "exercise training and cardiac autonomic function following coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

BACKGROUND: Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with poor prognosis in individuals with coronary artery disease and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Thus, we comment about a meta-analysis that adds important information about the effect of exercise training on cardiac autonomic function in individuals following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. MAIN BODY: The study by Kushwaha et al. showed positive effects for heart rate variability and heart rate recovery in subjects after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in response to acute physical training. These data are relevant, since heart rate variability is an independent predictor of for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality for individuals with cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, attenuated heart rate recovery is associated with increased risk for the same outcomes. Moreover, we summarize the quantitative data from studies that compared the effect of physical training in comparison with control group in cardiorespiratory fitness in adults following coronary artery bypass grafting. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that improvements in peak oxygen consumption result in an additional benefit in adults following coronary artery bypass grafting. Considered that, the increased cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of longer survival in coronary artery disease.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity and heart rate control of heart transplant recipients: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction: Heart transplantation (HTx) is the gold standard procedure for selected individuals with refractory heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is safe and allows patients to exercise in high intensity for longer time when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). The primary aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis about the effect of HIIT compared to MICT on exercise capacity, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve in HTx recipients. Secondarily, we pooled data comparing MICT and no exercise training in these patients. Methods: This systematic review followed the standardization of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement and the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. We presented the treatment effects of HIIT on the outcomes of interest as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method. Results: HIIT improved peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2) (MD = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1, 3.1; P<0.0001), peak heart rate (MD = 3.4; 95% CI 0.8, 5.9; P=0.009), and heart rate reserve (MD = 4.8; 95% CI -0.05, 9.6; P=0.05) compared to MICT. Improvements on peakVO2 (MD = 3.5; 95% CI 2.3, 4.7; P<0.00001) and peak heart rate (MD = 5.6; 95% CI 1.6, 9.6; P=0.006) were found comparing HIIT and no exercise training. Conclusion: Current available evidence suggests that HIIT leads to improvements on peakVO2, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve compared to MICT in HTx recipients. However, the superiority of HIIT should be tested in isocaloric protocols.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic Capacity and Heart Rate Control of Heart Transplant Recipients: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Heart transplantation (HTx) is the gold standard procedure for selected individuals with refractory heart failure. Highintensity interval training (HIIT) is safe and allows patients to exercise in high intensity for longer time when compared to moderateintensity continuous training (MICT). The primary aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis about the effect of HIIT compared to MICT on exercise capacity, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve in HTx recipients. Secondarily, we pooled data comparing MICT and no exercise training in these patients. METHODS: This systematic review followed the standardization of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses statement and the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. We presented the treatment effects of HIIT on the outcomes of interest as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Metaanalysis was performed using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method. RESULTS: HIIT improved peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2) (MD = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1, 3.1; P<0.0001), peak heart rate (MD = 3.4; 95% CI 0.8, 5.9; P=0.009), and heart rate reserve (MD = 4.8; 95% CI -0.05, 9.6; P=0.05) compared to MICT. Improvements on peakVO2 (MD = 3.5; 95% CI 2.3, 4.7; P<0.00001) and peak heart rate (MD = 5.6; 95% CI 1.6, 9.6; P=0.006) were found comparing HIIT and no exercise training. CONCLUSION: Current available evidence suggests that HIIT leads to improvements on peakVO2, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve compared to MICT in HTx recipients. However, the superiority of HIIT should be tested in isocaloric protocols.