FvSTUA is a Key Regulator of Sporulation, Toxin Synthesis, and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides.

Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens of maize, causing rot and producing fumonisin mycotoxins during infection. Ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated corn causes underperformance and even fatal toxicity in livestock and is associated with neural tube birth defects, growth stunting in children, and some cancers. StuA, an APSES-class transcription factor, is a major developmental transcriptional regulator in fungi. It has been shown to regulate crucial developmental processes, such as sporulation, virulence, and mycotoxin synthesis among others. In this study, the role of FvSTUA in F. verticillioides was examined by characterizing ∆FvstuA deletion mutants functionally and transcriptomally. The deletion mutants exhibited reduced vegetative growth, stunted aerial hyphae, and significant reductions in microconidiation. Macroconidiation and hydrophobicity of the deletion strains were reduced as well. Additionally, fumonisin production and virulence of the deletion mutants were greatly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of expression of several genes in the fumonisin and fusarin C biosynthetic clusters and differential expression of genes involved in conidiation and virulence. Nuclear localization of FvSTUA supported its likely function as a transcription factor. Together, our results indicate that FvSTUA plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in F. verticillioides influencing morphogenesis, toxin production, and virulence.

Volatiles produced by Bacillus mojavensis RRC101 act as plant growth modulators and are strongly culture-dependent.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria have recently been investigated due to their role in plant growth promotion and defense. Whereas some bacterial VOCs like 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin) and 2,3-butanediol produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promote plant growth, others like hydrogen cyanide and 3-phenylpropionic acid are phytotoxic, inhibiting plant growth. Bacillus mojavensis, a close relative of B. subtilis, is an endophytic bacterium of maize that has been shown to have antagonistic activity against the mycotoxigenic phytopathogen Fusarium verticillioides and growth promotion activity on maize seedlings. To investigate the growth promotion activity of B. mojavensis, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were grown on 1/2x Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium in divided Petri dishes while bacteria were grown either on 1/2x MS or nutrient agar (NA) medium, so that only microbial volatiles reached the seedlings. Significant plant growth promotion in Arabidopsis seedlings was observed when 1/2x MS medium was used for bacterial growth. In contrast, phytotoxicity was observed with bacterial growth on NA medium. These results indicate that VOCs produced by B. mojavensis may act as plant growth modulators rather than just promoters. Using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS, the plant growth promoting compounds acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were both identified as being produced by B. mojavensis on growth promoting 1/2x MS medium. In contrast, while no phytotoxic VOC was conclusively identified from B. mojavensis on NA medium, detection of relatively high levels of acetone/2-propanone indicates its possible contribution to Arabidopsis phytotoxicity.

Bacillus mojavensis RRC101 Lipopeptides Provoke Physiological and Metabolic Changes During Antagonism Against Fusarium verticilliodes.

The mycotoxigenic pathogen Fusarium verticillioides threatens the quality and utility of maize across industrial and agricultural purposes. Chemical control is complicated by the intimate endophytic lifestyle of the pathogen with its host. Bacillus mojavensis RRC101, a maize-endophytic bacterium, has been observed to reduce F. verticillioides disease severity and fumonisin accumulation when coinoculated to maize. Genome sequencing and annotation identified a number of biocontrol-relevant pathways in RRC101. Biochemical assays confirmed the presence and activity of surfactin- and fengycin-type lipopeptides, with fengycins responsible for antifungal activity against F. verticillioides. This antagonism manifests as inhibition of filamentous growth, with microscopy revealing hyphal distortions, vacuolization, and lysis. F. verticillioides secondary metabolism also responds to antagonism, with lipopeptide challenge inducing greater fumonisin production and, in the case of fengycins, eliciting pigment accumulation at sites of inhibition. Together, these data suggest that antibiotic and toxin production are components of a complex biochemical interaction among maize endophytes, one pathogenic and one beneficial.

Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex 4 mg kg-1 for reversal of deep neuromuscular blockade in patients with severe renal impairment.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated efficacy and safety of sugammadex 4 mg kg(-1) for deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) reversal in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CLCR] <30 ml min(-1)) vs those with normal renal function (CLCR ≥80 ml min(-1)). METHODS: Sugammadex 4 mg kg(-1) was administered at 1-2 post-tetanic counts for reversal of rocuronium NMB. Primary efficacy variable was time from sugammadex to recovery to train-of-four (T4/T1) ratio 0.9. Equivalence between groups was demonstrated if two-sided 95% CI for difference in recovery times was within -1 to +1 min interval. Pharmacokinetics of rocuronium and overall safety were assessed. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat group comprised 67 patients (renal n=35; control n=32). Median (95% CI) time from sugammadex to recovery to T4/T1 ratio 0.9 was 3.1 (2.4-4.6) and 1.9 (1.6-2.8) min for renal patients vs controls. Estimated median (95% CI) difference between groups was 1.3 (0.6-2.4) min; thus equivalence bounds were not met. One control patient experienced acceleromyography-determined NMB recurrence, possibly as a result of premature sugammadex (4 mg kg(-1)) administration, with no clinical evidence of NMB recurrence observed. Rocuronium, encapsulated by Sugammadex, was detectable in plasma at day 7 in 6 patients. Bioanalytical data for sugammadex were collected but could not be used for pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS: Sugammadex 4 mg kg(-1) provided rapid reversal of deep rocuronium-induced NMB in renal and control patients. However, considering the prolonged sugammadex-rocuronium complex exposure in patients with severe renal impairment, current safety experience is insufficient to support recommended use of sugammadex in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00702715.

Outcome of palmar/plantar digital neurectomy in horses with foot pain evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging: 50 cases (2005-2011).

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is limited knowledge of the foot lesions that influence the outcome of palmar/plantar digital neurectomy (PDN). OBJECTIVES: 1) To report the short- and long-term outcomes of horses that underwent PDN to alleviate chronic foot pain due to lesions diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 2) factors that may influence the outcome of PDN. STUDY DESIGN: Multicentre retrospective study. METHODS: Medical records of 50 horses subjected to PDN due to chronic foot pain were reviewed. Age, breed, sex, athletic activity, duration of lameness, affected limb(s), response to anaesthesia of the palmar/plantar digital nerves, MRI findings and surgical technique were analysed together with follow-up data to identify factors that influenced the long-term outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-six of 50 horses (92%) responded positively to surgery; 40 (80%) were able to return to their previous athletic use for a median time of 20 months (range: 12-72 months). Eighteen (36%) horses developed post operative complications including residual lameness, painful neuromas, or early recurrence of lameness. Horses with pre-existing core or linear lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) had significantly shorter periods of lameness resolution after surgery than horses with dorsal border lesions of the DDFT or other foot lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Palmar/plantar digital neurectomy can improve or resolve lameness in horses with foot pain unresponsive to medical therapy without serious post operative complications. However, horses with core or linear lesions of the DDFT should not be subjected to PDN as these horses experience residual lameness or early recurrent lameness after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used to identify these horses.

Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequence of Bacillus mojavensis Strain RRC101, an Endophytic Bacterium Antagonistic to the Mycotoxigenic Endophytic Fungus Fusarium verticillioides.

Here, we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence of Bacillus mojavensis strain RRC101, isolated from a maize kernel. This strain is antagonistic to the mycotoxigenic plant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides and grows within maize tissue, suggesting potential as an endophytic biocontrol agent.

Hatching the behavioral addiction egg: Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS)™ as a function of dopaminergic neurogenetics and brain functional connectivity linking all addictions under a common rubric.

BACKGROUND: Following the first association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and severe alcoholism, there has been an explosion of research reports in the psychiatric and behavioral addiction literature and neurogenetics. With this increased knowledge, the field has been rife with controversy. Moreover, with the advent of Whole Genome-Wide Studies (GWAS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), along with Functional Genome Convergence, the multiple-candidate gene approach still has merit and is considered by many as the most prudent approach. However, it is the combination of these two approaches that will ultimately define real, genetic allelic relationships, in terms of both risk and etiology. Since 1996, our laboratory has coined the umbrella term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) to explain the common neurochemical and genetic mechanisms involved with both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. METHODS: This is a selective review of peer-reviewed papers primary listed in Pubmed and Medline. RESULTS: A review of the available evidence indicates the importance of dopaminergic pathways and resting-state, functional connectivity of brain reward circuits. DISCUSSION: Importantly, the proposal is that the real phenotype is RDS and impairments in the brain's reward cascade, either genetically or environmentally (epigenetically) induced, influence both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. Understanding shared common mechanisms will ultimately lead to better diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapse. While, at this juncture, we cannot as yet state that we have "hatched the behavioral addiction egg", we are beginning to ask the correct questions and through an intense global effort will hopefully find a way of "redeeming joy" and permitting homo sapiens live a life, free of addiction and pain.

Effects of exercise on fitness and cognition in progressive MS: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Exercise may have beneficial effects on both well-being and walking ability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Exercise is shown to be neuroprotective in rodents and may also enhance cognitive function in humans. It may, therefore, be particularly useful for MS patients with pronounced neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of standardized exercise as a therapeutic intervention for progressive MS, in a randomized-controlled pilot trial. METHODS: Patients with progressive MS and moderate disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 4-6) were randomized to one of three exercise interventions (arm ergometry, rowing, bicycle ergometry) for 8-10 weeks or a waitlist control group. We analyzed the drop-out rate as a measure of feasibility. The primary endpoint of the study was aerobic fitness. Secondary endpoints were walking ability, cognitive function as measured by a neuropsychological test battery, depression and fatigue. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients completed the trial (10.6% drop-out rate). Significant improvements were seen in aerobic fitness. In addition, exercise improved walking ability, depressive symptoms, fatigue and several domains of cognitive function. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that aerobic training is feasible and could be beneficial for patients with progressive MS. Larger exercise studies are needed to confirm the effect on cognition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN (trial number 76467492) http://isrctn.org.

Comparison of patient-reported outcome measures in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMS) have been proposed sensitive outcome parameters in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we assessed a German version of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) and a revised version of the Hamburg Quality of Life Questionnaire in Multiple Sclerosis (HAQUAMS) in comparison with rater- and physician-based tools. METHODS: Consecutive MS patients (n = 117) of the MS outpatient unit were included. In addition to MSIS-29 and HAQUAMS, the following parameters were obtained: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and modified Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) [9-hole peg test (9HPT), 25-foot walk test and symbol digit modalities test]. We investigated validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability as well as correlation between these measures. RESULTS: Internal consistency (Cronbach's α ≤ 0.96) and test-retest coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.87) of both scales were high and satisfied psychometric standards. Convergent and discriminant validity was supported by direction, magnitude and pattern of correlation with other rater-based measures depending on the functional subdomain. Both MSIS-29 and HAQUAMS correlated with EDSS (ρ = 0.55 vs 0.62), but stronger correlation was found between MSIS-29 and HAQUAMS total score (ρ = 0.90). Both scales distinguished between patient groups of varied disease severity and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Patient-reported outcome measurements as MSIS-29 and HAQUAMS seem to be valid instruments to detect different impairment levels in comparison with traditional rater-based instruments like EDSS or MSFC.

Association between cortisol awakening response and memory function in major depression.

BACKGROUND: While impaired memory and altered cortisol secretion are characteristic features of major depression, much less is known regarding the impact of antidepressant medication. We examined whether the cortisol awakening response (CAR) is increased in depressed patients with and without medication compared with healthy controls (HC) and whether CAR is associated with memory function in each group. METHOD: We examined 21 patients with major depression without medication, 20 depressed patients on antidepressant treatment, and 41 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy subjects. We tested verbal (Auditory Verbal Learning Task) and visuospatial (Rey figure) memory and measured CAR on two consecutive days. RESULTS: Patient groups did not differ in severity of depression. We found a significant effect of group (p = 0.03) for CAR. Unmedicated patients exhibited a greater CAR compared with medicated patients (p = 0.04) with no differences between patient groups and HC. We found a significant effect of group for verbal (p = 0.03) and non-verbal memory (p = 0.04). Unmedicated patients performed worse compared with medicated patients and HC in both memory domains. Medicated patients and HC did not differ. Regression analyses revealed a negative association between CAR and memory function in depressed patients, but not in HC. CONCLUSIONS: While in unmedicated depressed patients the magnitude of CAR is associated with impaired memory, medicated patients showed a smaller CAR and unimpaired cognitive function compared with HC. Our findings are compatible with the idea that antidepressants reduce CAR and partially restore memory function even if depressive psychopathology is still present.

Twenty-three-hour stay loop ileostomy closures: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In UK in 2010-2011, 4,463 ileostomy closures were performed (35,442 bed days) with a median inpatient stay of 5 days (Hospital Episode Statistics data). This seems anomalous when there are reports of 23-h stay colectomies. We present our early experience of 23-h discharge for loop ileostomy closures. METHODS: A specific patient journey/pathway for 23-h discharge following loop ileostomy closure was implemented at a single UK institution between August 2011 and April 2012. Follow-up was by telephone contact 24-48 h postdischarge and by routine outpatient appointment, and patients were also provided with a 24-h contact point in case of emergency. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included (18 male patients; median age, 63 years; range, 28-78 years). Fifteen were discharged within 23 h. The remaining 8 patients were all discharged within 48 h of surgery. Four patients were readmitted with superficial wound infection (1), slight wound discharge (1), Clostridium difficile diarrhoea (1) and an anastomotic leak 8 days after surgery (1). Median length of follow-up was 3 months (range, 1-10 months). CONCLUSIONS: A specific 23-h discharge protocol for loop ileostomy closures is feasible and safe. Improved primary care and out-of-hours hospital support would have prevented both minor wound complications requiring readmission. The anastomotic leak presented at postoperative day 8 and would have occurred in the community even if a standard protocol was used. Additional patient information and support via stoma care have been introduced to build on our experience, and 23-h stay has been introduced as standard care.

Active microwave pulse compressor using an electron-beam triggered switch.

A high-power active microwave pulse compressor is described that operates by modulating the quality factor of an energy storage cavity by means of mode conversion controlled by a triggered electron-beam discharge across a switch cavity. This Letter describes the principle of operation, the design of the switch cavity, the configuration used for the tests, and the experimental results. The pulse compressor produced output pulses with 140-165 MW peak power, record peak power gains of 16∶1-20∶1, and FWHM pulse duration of 16-20 ns at a frequency of 11.43 GHz.

[Depression and neurological diseases]. / Depression und neurologische Erkrankungen.

In many neurological diseases a depressive syndrome is a characteristic sign of the primary disease or is an important comorbidity. Post-stroke depression, for example, is a common and relevant complication following ischemic brain infarction. Approximately 4 out of every 10 stroke patients develop depressive disorders in the course of the disease which have a disadvantageous effect on the course and the prognosis. On the other hand depression is also a risk factor for certain neurological diseases as was recently demonstrated in a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies which revealed a much higher stroke risk for depressive patients. Furthermore, depression plays an important role in other neurological diseases with respect to the course and quality of life, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. This article gives a review of the most important epidemiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of depressive disorders as a comorbidity of neurological diseases and as a risk factor for neurological diseases.

Behavioral interventions in multiple sclerosis: a biopsychosocial perspective.

Managing uncertainty is a major challenge associated with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition to physical symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms are highly prevalent in this disease. Depression in particular is more common in MS than in other chronic diseases. While substantial achievements have been made in the therapy of MS and an increasing number of immunomodulatory treatments are now available, the long-term benefits of these are still a matter of debate. Importantly, while the approved therapies show good efficacy on inflammatory lesions and relapse rate, and may slow certain aspects of disease progression, improvements in function have rarely been reported. On the other hand, behavioral interventions have recently been shown to significantly improve fatigue and depression as well as motor function. In addition, recent evidence suggests that group education or face-to-face behavioral interventions may decrease inflammatory disease activity (such as relapse rate or lesion formation measured by MRI). Therefore, behavioral interventions not only ameliorate symptoms but may have the potential to modify the disease process itself.

Correlates of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive impairment is one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) but its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. A number of pathogenetic correlates have previously been proposed including psychosocial factors (such as depression and fatigue), inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroendocrine dysregulation. However, these different systems have never been studied in parallel and their differential contributions to cognitive impairment in MS are unknown. We studied a well-characterized cohort of cognitively impaired (CI, n=25) and cognitively preserved (CP, n=25) MS patients based on a comprehensive neuropsychological testing battery, a test of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning (dexamethasone-corticotropin-releasing hormone suppression test, Dex-CRH test) as well as peripheral blood and MRI markers of inflammatory activity. CI patients had significantly higher disability. In addition, CI patients showed higher levels of fatigue and depression. Fatigue was more closely associated with measures of attention while depression showed strongest correlations with memory tests. Furthermore, percentage of IFNγ-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed modest correlations with processing speed and working memory. MRI markers of inflammation or global atrophy were not associated with neuropsychological function. Compared to previous studies, the number of patients exhibiting HPA axis hyperactivity was very low and no correlations were found with neuropsychological function. We conclude that fatigue and depression are the main correlates of cognitive impairment, which show domain-specific associations with measures of attention and memory.

It's a choice to move forward: women's perceptions about treatment decision making in recurrent ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This research explores the treatment decision-making (TDM) experiences of women with recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC) with regard to treatment options; their understanding of risks and benefits of various treatment options; the decision-making role they want for themselves and for their oncologist; and the social context of the consultation as it pertains to the decision. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 women at the time of first recurrence. Through inductive data analysis key themes were identified. RESULTS: Many women describe self-identifying the cancer recurrence fairly quickly due to new symptoms. Many feel that the goal for treating their recurrence is to control versus cure the cancer. They describe the subsequent process of diagnosis and TDM for ROC as quick and straightforward with all women accepting the oncologists' treatment recommendation. They feel that the type and number of treatment options are limited. They have a strong desire for physician continuity in their care. Participants feel that their doctor's recommendations as well as their previous experience with ovarian cancer are strong factors influencing their current TDM process. CONCLUSIONS: Shared decision making is based on a simultaneous participation of both the physician and patient in TDM. When faced with ROC, women feel that their doctor's recommendation and their past experience with treatment and TDM are prominent factors influencing the current TDM process.

Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable.

Multiple sclerosis is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical picture. There have been substantial efforts to develop outcome measurements for therapeutic interventions but very few studies have addressed the value of bodily functions from the patient perspective. In a randomly selected cohort of early (<5 years, n=84) and longer lasting disease courses (>15 years, n=82) patients we asked for a weighting of 13 bodily functions and compared results with actual disability as measured by the United Kingdom Disability Scale. Lower limb function was given the highest priority in both patient groups followed by visual functioning and cognition especially in longer lasting MS. Actual disability did not correlate with the given priorities indicating that experienced deficits do not influence the subjective ratings of bodily functions. These results underline that ambulation-focused scales in MS represent a key dimension from the patient perspective. Visual functioning should be taken more into account.

Nociceptin and urotensin-II concentrations in critically ill patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND: The systemic inflammatory response to infection (sepsis) involves widespread organ dysfunction, including changes in immune modulation, cardiovascular derangements, and neural activation. Two neuropeptide/receptor systems, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) which acts at the non-classical opioid receptor NOP and urotensin-II (U-II) which acts at the urotensin receptor (UT), have been implicated in neural, immune, and cardiovascular system function. In this study, we make measurements of these peptides in critically ill patients. METHODS: Plasma samples from 21 critically ill patients with sepsis were collected over four consecutive days. Plasma N/OFQ and U-II concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared with biochemical and clinical markers of illness severity, including serum creatinine, bilirubin, platelet and white cell counts, admission APACHE II and serial SOFA scores. RESULTS: Median (inter-quartile range) admission plasma N/OFQ concentrations in sepsis were higher in patients who died within 30 days (n=4) compared with survivors (n=17); 3.0 (2.5-5.0) vs 1.0 (1.0-2.5) pg ml(-1) (P=0.028). Plasma N/OFQ concentrations were increased in a subgroup of five patients who had undergone major gastrointestinal surgery. There were no significant changes in plasma U-II concentrations. There were no correlations between plasma U-II and N/OFQ concentrations and markers of illness severity and organ system dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma N/OFQ concentrations were increased in critically ill patients with sepsis who had undergone major gastrointestinal surgery and in patients who subsequently died. Further work is required to clarify the significance of plasma N/OFQ concentrations in sepsis.

Stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis - a review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the CNS with an assumed autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis. Stressful life events have been hypothesized as potential triggers of disease exacerbation. Animal studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for MS, suggest that decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function may play a role in the increased susceptibility and severity of the disease. Histopathological studies of the hypothalamus point to disturbances in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulation as a result of MS lesions in this area. Functional endocrine tests (e.g., the combined Dexamethasone-CRH test) showed a disturbed negative feedback after steroid application in MS patients. Hyper- and hypoactivity of the HPA axis, have been described to be associated with more severe courses. This paper presents an overview of the evidence for a role of HPA dysfunction in EAE and MS based on stress-experimental studies.